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Ye Y Y, Liu Z, Chen T P. Toward transparent projection display: recent progress in frequency-selective scattering of RGB light based on metallic nanoparticle’s localized surface plasmon resonance. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 190020 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.190020
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Toward transparent projection display: recent progress in frequency-selective scattering of RGB light based on metallic nanoparticle's localized surface plasmon resonance
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Abstract
A transparent display simultaneously enables visualization of the images displayed on it as well as the view behind it, and therefore can be applied to, for instance, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and head up display (HUD). Many solutions have been proposed for this purpose. Recently, the idea of frequency-selective scattering of red, green and blue light while transmitting visible light of other colours to achieve transparent projection display has been proposed, by taking advantage of metallic nanoparticle's localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). In this article, a review of the recent progress of frequency-selective scattering of red, green and blue light that are based on metallic nanoparticle's LSPR is presented. A discussion of method for choosing appropriate metal(s) is first given, followed by the definition of a figure of merit used to quantify the performance of a designed nanoparticle structure. Selective scattering of various nanostructures, including sphere-shaped nanoparticles, ellipsoidal nanoparticles, super-sphere core-shell nanoparticles, metallic nanocubes, and metallic nanoparticles combined with gain materials, are discussed in detail. Each nanostructure has its own advantages and disadvantages, but the combination of the metallic nanoparticle with gain materials is a more promising way since it has the potential to generate ultra-sharp scattering peaks (i.e., high frequency-selectivity). -
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References
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Ye Y Y, Liu Z, Chen T P. Toward transparent projection display: recent progress in frequency-selective scattering of RGB light based on metallic nanoparticle’s localized surface plasmon resonance. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 190020 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.190020
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Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the concept of transparent projection display achieved by frequency-selective scattering of red, green and blue light.
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Figure 2.
η as a function of wavelength in the visible light range for various metals.
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Figure 3.
Calculated scattering and absorption cross-sections for Silica/Ag nanoparticles (embedding medium has a refractive index of 1.44).
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Figure 4.
Characterization of the transparent projection film made by dispersing Ag nanospheres with average diameter of 62 nm in PVA.
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Figure 5.
Comparison of the transparent projection display in work (left) with a normal piece of glass (right).
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Figure 6.
(a) Optimized results for green light selective scattering. (b) Optimized results for red light selective scattering. (c) Angular distribution of scattered light for (a) at the wavelength of 525 nm. (d) Angular distribution of scattered light for (b) at the wavelength of 620 nm. Efficiency is the corresponding cross section (i.e., extinction, scattering or absorption) divided by the nanoparticle's geometrical cross section πr2, where r is core-shell structure's outer radius. The angular distributions of scattered light are calculated by assuming incident light has a unit intensity, and equal components for the p- and s- polarization with respect to the scattering plane. Calculations are done with Mie's theory. Figure reproduced by permission from Ref.7, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 7.
TEM images of the Ag/TiO2 core–shell structures.
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Figure 8.
Comparison between (a) the theoretically calculated cross sections of absorption, and forward and backward scattering and (b) experimentally measured ones.
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Figure 9.
(a) Image projected on the transparent projection display film that is fabricated by dispersing Ag/TiO2 into PVA. (b) A comparison film made of PVA without dispersion of Ag/TiO2. A laser projector (SONY MP-CL1A) is used for projection. In the projection experiment, green light with a wavelength of 523±3 nm is used. Figure reproduced by permission from Ref.7, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 10.
The proposed geometry array of Ag ellipsoids.
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Figure 11.
(a) Initial optimization of Ag ellipsoids for selective scattering of the three basic additive colours (red, green and blue) based on FOM. For each basic array of Ag ellipsoids, the nanoparticles' major axis is varied from 20 nm to 40 nm while their eccentricity is fixed at 0.96, 0.9, and 0.81 for the red, green, and blue arrays, respectively. As a comparison, values of the FOM without consideration of effect of surface scattering of conduction electrons are also shown (dashed lines). (b) Calculated cross sections for scattering (SCS) and absorption (ACS) for a Ag ellipsoids array with the following parameters: a= 20 nm, b=c=12 nm, and d=100 nm. Both results with and without consideration of surface scattering of free electrons (i.e., the size-correction) are shown. Figure reprinted with permission from Ref.6, AIP Publishing.
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Figure 12.
Proposed unit-cell of a full-color and almost polarization-independent transparent projection display screen achieved with Ag ellipsoid arrays.
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Figure 13.
Scattering (SCS) and absorption (ACS) cross sections calculated for the display screen proposed in Fig. 12 under incident light with TE or TM polarization.
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Figure 14.
3D angular scattering distribution for the optimized Ag ellipsoids in Table 3: (a) Ag ellipsoid array for red light scattering, (b) Ag ellipsoid array for green light scattering and (c) Ag ellipsoid array for blue light scattering
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Figure 15.
(a) Schematic sketch of the shapes of super-sphere. The surface of the super-sphere is described by equation (7). Increasing polyhedricity parameter p will make a super-sphere approach to the shape of a cube. (b) Schematic of a super-sphere core-shell structure, with silica as core and Ag as shell. a1 and a2 are the inner and the outer radius of super-spheres, respectively. Dashed lines indicate the special case of the super-sphere core-shell structure when p=2, i.e., the perfect spherical case. Figure adapted with permission from Ref.34, Optical Society of America.
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Figure 16.
(a) Optimized results of super-sphere for blue light selective scattering, a1=10 nm, a2=30 nm, p=2. (b) Optimized results of supersphere for green light selective scattering, a1=10 nm, a2=30 nm, p=7. (c) Optimized results of super-sphere for red light selective scattering, a1=44 nm, a2=30 nm, p=6. Insets show structures' corresponding geometric schematics and angular distribution of scattering. Figure adapted with permission from Ref.34, Optical Society of America.
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Figure 17.
FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) simulations showing (a) a second peak emerges when a single Ag nanocube (edge length of 90 nm) approaches a glass substrate (index assumed to be 1.5), and the near field |E| plots for (b) peak 1 and (c) peak 2 of the nanocube placed on the glass substrate
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Figure 18.
(a) Simulated backward scattering spectrums with FDTD for Ag nanocubes deposited on TiO2 with sufficient thickness (800 nm). The luminosity function is also shown to indicate that human eyes are not sensitive to blue and red light. In the calculations, TiO2's refractive index is from Ref.42, and Ag's refractive index is from Ref.19. (b) Calculated dependence of the distal and proximal mode backward scattering peak intensities of a 100 nm Ag nanocube on the TiO2 thickness. Figure reproduced with permission from Ref.5, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 19.
(a) Backward scattering spectrum and (b) transmittance spectrum of the transparent projection display sample experimentally prepared by depositing a monolayer of Ag nanocubes (with average edge length of 100 nm) on the film of TiO2 with thickness of 110 nm.
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Figure 20.
(a) A colourful image is projected onto the display sample using an LCD projector (Epson EB-1761W, peak wavelengths of blue, green, and red light are at 442, 552, and 612 nm, respectively). (b) Transparency of the display sample when no image is projected. Figure reproduced with permission from Ref.5, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 21.
Backward scattering cross sections simulated with FDTD for Ag and Au nanocubes placed on dielectric substrate.
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Figure 22.
Simulated results of the two proposed solutions to enhance backward scattering of red light.
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Figure 23.
Proposed core-shell structures for combining metallic nanoparticle with gain material.
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Figure 24.
Optimized results for selective scattering of red, green and blue light when gain materials are combined with metallic nanoparticles.
