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Rahmani M, Leo G, Brener I, Zayats A V, Maier S A et al. Nonlinear frequency conversion in optical nanoantennas and metasurfaces: materials evolution and fabrication. Opto-Electron Adv 1, 180021 (2018). doi: 10.29026/oea.2018.180021
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Review Open Access
Nonlinear frequency conversion in optical nanoantennas and metasurfaces: materials evolution and fabrication
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Abstract
Nonlinear frequency conversion is one of the most fundamental processes in nonlinear optics. It has a wide range of applications in our daily lives, including novel light sources, sensing, and information processing. It is usually assumed that nonlinear frequency conversion requires large crystals that gradually accumulate a strong effect. However, the large size of nonlinear crystals is not compatible with the miniaturisation of modern photonic and optoelectronic systems. Therefore, shrinking the nonlinear structures down to the nanoscale, while keeping favourable conversion efficiencies, is of great importance for future photonics applications. In the last decade, researchers have studied the strategies for enhancing the nonlinear efficiencies at the nanoscale, e.g. by employing different nonlinear materials, resonant couplings and hybridization techniques. In this paper, we provide a compact review of the nanomaterials-based efforts, ranging from metal to dielectric and semiconductor nanostructures, including their relevant nanofabrication techniques. -
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References
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Rahmani M, Leo G, Brener I, Zayats A V, Maier S A et al. Nonlinear frequency conversion in optical nanoantennas and metasurfaces: materials evolution and fabrication. Opto-Electron Adv 1, 180021 (2018). doi: 10.29026/oea.2018.180021
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Figure 1.
(a) An illustration of SHG interference in multi-resonant gold nanoantennas. (b) SEM images of the five nanoantennas configuration (CI−CV). Dimensions of the bars are 340 nm×80 nm×40 nm in x, y, and z, respectively, while disks are the same thickness with diameters of 160 nm. The gaps between the disks and the bar are 20 nm for all cases. (c) The measured SHG signals from the five configurations, where the pump and SHG signal are polarized along and perpendicular to the bar, respectively. The colors of various curves correspond to different antennas, shown in (b). Figure reprinted with permission from ref.9, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 2.
(a) Angled SEM view of metamaterial showing Au nanorods. Inset demonstrates the propagation of fundamental and SHG waves. (b) Far-field reflected SH spectra from a smooth Au surface (red line) and the nanorod metamaterial. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.41, John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 3.
(a) Illustration of the THG process for a 100 nm thick germanium nanodisk on glass excited with near-infrared light of frequency ω to produce green emission of frequency 3ω. The inset shows SEM image of a germanium disk. Scale bar is 1 μm. (b) Measured TH power versus pump power at the AM (λlaser=1650 nm, D=875 nm). The straight line is a fit considering the cubic dependence of the emission intensity on the excitation power. A deviation from this trend is observed from 1.5 μW. Figure reprinted with permission from ref.45, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 4.
(a) Illustration of THG from individual Si nanodisks at optical frequencies. (b) Power dependence and conversion efficiency of the resonant THG process in Si nanodisks. Blue circles denote the THG power dependence upon increasing the power of the pump, while red circles denote the reverse procedure both obtained at λ=1260 nm fundamental wavelength. The inset shows a photographic image of the sample irradiated with the invisible IR beam impinging from the back side of the sample as indicated by the red arrow. The blue point represents the scattered TH signal detected by the camera. Figure reprinted with permission from ref.72, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 5.
(a) SEM image of the fabricated resonator on mirror configuration. (b) Illustration of the current and field distributions of a resonator on a PEC substrate, respectively. (c) Measured TH power as a function of pump power. Figure reproduced from ref.76.
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Figure 6.
(a) SEM image of a 200 nm radius disk (scale bar is 200 nm), and a schematic view of the experimental setup for a disk emitting green SH light. (b) Dependence of the average SH power ﹤PSH﹥ on the average excitation power ﹤P﹥ for the ND (corresponding pulse peak power ﹤Ppk﹥ on top axis). The solid line is a fit of the data considering the expected quadratic dependence of ﹤PSH﹥ with ﹤P﹥. Figure reprinted with permission from ref.54, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 7.
(a) Schematics of a single Monolithic AlGaAs-on-AlOx nanoantenna. (b) Scanning-electron-microscope picture of a part of the array and (c) power curve in Log/Log scale. SHG intensity as a function of the pump intensity for nanoantenna with 193 nm radius. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.56.
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Figure 8.
(a) Schematics of a single Monolithic AlGaAs-on-AlOx nanoantenna. (b) Scanning-electron-microscope picture of a part of the array and (c) power curve in Log/Log scale. SHG intensity as a function of the pump intensity for nanoantenna with 193 nm radius. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.56.
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Figure 9.
(a) Steps for fabricating AlGaAs nanoantennas on a glass substrate. (b) Schematic of the single antenna experiment in both forward and backward directions. (c) Experimentally measured SHG radiation patterns depicting the directionality and polarization diagrams of the SH signal in forward and backward directions. Arrows visualize the polarization states. Figure reprinted with permission from ref.58, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 10.
Measured THG intensity from (a) an isolated ITO particle (left) versus (b) hybridized ITO-Au antenna. Insets show SEM image of an antenna for each case. Figure reproduced from ref.20.
