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Zhang C J, Zhang C Y, Zhang Z L, He T, Mi X H et al. Self-suspended rare-earth doped up-conversion luminescent waveguide: propagating and directional radiation. Opto-Electron Adv 3, 190045 (2020). doi: 10.29026/oea.2020.190045
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Original Article Open Access
Self-suspended rare-earth doped up-conversion luminescent waveguide: propagating and directional radiation
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Abstract
Near-infrared excited rare-earth (RE)-doped up-conversion (UC)-luminescent materials have attracted enormous attention because of their unique emission properties, such as narrow emission bands, long luminescence lifetimes, and multiple colors. However, current development of RE-doped luminescent material is hindered by weak and narrowband absorption problems and low photon-conversion quantum efficiencies. In addition to conventional approaches to enhance fluorescence intensity, controlling emission directivity to improve detection efficiency has become a promising approach to obtain higher luminescence brightnesses. In this paper, a self-suspended RE-doped UC luminescent waveguide is designed to realize directional emissions. Benefitting from the special morphology of the crown-like NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microparticle, the points contact between the waveguide and substrate can be obtained to decrease energy loss. An attractive UC luminescent pattern accompanied by powerful and controllable directional emissions is observed, and the spatial emission angle and intensity distribution are explored and analyzed in detail by introducing Fourier imaging detection and simulation. This work provides a new method for achieving controllable directional fluorescence emissions and obtaining improved detection efficiency by narrowing emission directivity, which has potential applications in 3-dimensional displays and micro-optoelectronic devices, especially when fabricating self-fluorescence micron lasers.-
Keywords:
- rare-earth-doped microcrystal /
- up-conversion /
- self-suspended /
- Fourier imaging
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References
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Supplementary information for Self-suspended rare-earth doped up-conversion luminescent waveguide: propagating and directional radiation 
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Zhang C J, Zhang C Y, Zhang Z L, He T, Mi X H et al. Self-suspended rare-earth doped up-conversion luminescent waveguide: propagating and directional radiation. Opto-Electron Adv 3, 190045 (2020). doi: 10.29026/oea.2020.190045
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Figure 1.
Schematic of the directional UC emission of crown-shaped NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ under an excitation of 980 nm and the experimental and simulated UC luminescent patterns.
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Figure 2.
(a–b) SEM images of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microparticles, the cross-section of single microparticle shown in the inset image in (b). (c) Element mapping of a single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ microparticle. (d) XRD pattern of the particles and standard pattern of the hexagonal phases of NaYF4.
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Figure 3.
(a–b) UC fluorescence patterns and spectra obtained through change excitation position from the center to corner/edge. (c) Energy-level diagram and possible transitions/emission schemes of Yb3+ and Er3+.
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Figure 4.
(a–e) UC luminescence patterns of total (a), green (b), and red (c) emissions, the simulation pattern (d), and possible propagation/emission mode (e) of single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ under excited conditions on the middle. (f–j) UC luminescence patterns of total (f), green (g), and red (h) emissions, the simulation pattern (i), and possible propagation/emission modes (j) of single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ under off-centered excitation.
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Figure 5.
The directional emission of the luminescent waveguide with center (a–d) and off-center excitations (upward offset, e–h, and downward offset, i–l).(a, e, i) optical pattern on the image plane, in which the excitation and collection positions were marked with red and white circles, (b, f, g) experimental and (c, g, k) simulated Fourier images of the selected region, and (d, h, i) the angular intensity distribution of radiation on the Fourier plane taken along the direction, where θ has maximum intensity. The insert images show the φ distributions on the Fourier plane.
