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| Citation: |
Sharbirin AS, Akhtar S, Kim JY. Light-emitting MXene quantum dots. Opto-Electron Adv 4, 200077 (2021).. doi: 10.29026/oea.2021.200077
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Abstract
MXene (Mn+1Xn) is an emerging class of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, which are derived from their bulk-state MAX phase (Mn+1AXn, where M: early transition metal, A: group element 13 and 14, and X: carbon and/or nitrogen). MXenes have found wide-ranging applications in energy storage devices, sensors, catalysis, etc. owing to their high electronic conductivity and wide range of optical absorption. However, the absence of semiconducting MXenes has limited their applications related to light emission. Research has shown that quantum dots (QDs) derived from MXene (MQDs) not only retain the properties of the parent MXene but also demonstrate significant improvement on light emission and quantum yield (QY). The optical properties and photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms of these light-emitting MQDs have not been comprehensively investigated. Recently, work on light-emitting MQDs has shown good progress, and MQDs exhibiting multi-color PL emission along with high QY have been fabricated. The synthesis methods also play a vital role in determining the light emission properties of these MQDs. This review provides an overview of light-emitting MQDs and their synthesis methods, optical properties, and applications in various optical, sensory, and imaging devices. The future prospects of light-emitting MQDs are also discussed to provide an insight that helps to further advance the progress on MQDs.-
Keywords:
- MXene /
- quantum dots /
- light emission /
- MAX phase /
- 2D materials
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References
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Sharbirin AS, Akhtar S, Kim JY. Light-emitting MXene quantum dots. Opto-Electron Adv 4, 200077 (2021).. doi: 10.29026/oea.2021.200077
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Figure 1.
Top-down approaches for MQD synthesis.
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Figure 2.
Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis processes. The figures were reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.29, Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons; (b) ref.68, Copyright 2019, Elsevier; (c) ref.70, Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 3.
Solvothermal/hydrothermal-ultrasound synthesis process. The figure was reproduced from: ref.66, Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 4.
Ultrasonic, ball milling, and intercalation synthesis methods. The figures were reproduced from: (a) ref.33, Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (b) ref.80, Copyright 2018, under a Creative Commons Attribution lisence; (c) ref.81, Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
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Figure 5.
Types of bottom-up synthesis processes. The figures were reproduced from: (a) ref.82. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons; (b) ref.83, Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 6.
(a) MQD preparation by the hydrothermal method. TEM and HRTEM images of (b,e) MQD-100, (c,f) MQD-120, and (d,g) MQD-150. UV–vis spectra, PLE, and PL of (h) MQD-100, (i) MQD-120, and (j) MQD-150 in aqueous solutions. The figures were reproduced with permission from ref.29, Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 7.
DFT calculation of total and projected density of states of (a) Ti3C2O2 QDs and (b) Ti3C2-xNxO2 QDs. (c) Work function of pristine Ti3C2 QDs (MQDs) and N-MQDs. Figures were reproduced with permission from ref.34. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 8.
(a) Schematic of the molecular interactions and light-emitting mechanism of MQDs in water. (b) The corresponding HRTEM image of SN-MQDs in relation to the mechanism. (c) DLS size distributions of the synthesized MQDs in deionized water. Figures were reproduced with permission from ref.30. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
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Figure 9.
(a) White emission of Ti3C2. (b) PL color of the V2C QDs under different excitation wavelengths. (c) V2C MQDs colloid under 355 nm pulsed laser pumping. (d) Emission spectrum of white LED (e) Chromaticity diagram (CIE 1931) coordinates of the white LED (0.30, 0.34). Figures were reproduced with from: (a), (d), (e) ref.36. Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH; (b), (c) ref.37. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 10.
(a) The normalized fluorescence intensity of MQDs at 380 nm in the presence of various analytes. (b) The MQD synthesis process and working principle for Fe3+ sensing. (c) Normalized PL spectra of [Ru(dpp)3]Cl2 and Ti3C2 QDs in a buffer solution with different pH values (λex = 350 nm). (d) The principle of Ti3C2 QD-based fluorescence assay for ALP activity. The figures were reproduced with permission from: (a), (b) ref.109, (c) ref.94 and (d) ref.112, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 11.
(a) Bright-field imaging of RAW264.7 cells and confocal imaging of RAW264.7 cells incubated with MQD-100 at 405 nm, 488 nm, and 543 nm excitation. (b),(c) Fluorescent imaging (Ex = 488 nm) of the THP-1 monocytes incubated (b) with N,P-MQDs (c) without N,P-MQDs (d) CLSM images of MCF-7 and NHDF cells after incubation of V2C-TAT@Ex or V2C-TAT@Ex-RGD (Scale bar: 40 μm). The figures were reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.29. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons; (b),(c) ref.110. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry; (d) ref.68. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
