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Lingfei Ji, Amina, Tianyang Yan, et al. Research progress of ultrafast laser industrial applications based on filamentation[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(9): 851-861. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.09.001
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Research progress of ultrafast laser industrial applications based on filamentation
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Abstract
Ultrafast laser filamentation is an attractive nonlinear phenomenon as a consequence of dynamic balance between Kerr self-focusing and defocusing effect in the electron plasma generated through the ionization process. Achieving the regulation of the non-diffractive ultra-long transmission will play an important role in the development of novel ultrafast laser material processing technology. In this paper, the investigation on the research of ultrafast laser industrial application based on filamentation was introduced. From the physical feature, basic mechanism and characteristic advantages of filamentation effects, the representative research achievements on the laser applications of filamentary propagation induced by gas, liquid and solid different media were presented. The development problem and prospect of the technique were also considered and discussed.-
Keywords:
- ultrafast laser /
- filamentation /
- transparent material /
- laser material processing
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References
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Overview
The research progress of ultrafast laser industrial application based on filamentation effect is introduced. Ultrafast laser filamentation is an attractive nonlinear phenomenon as a consequence of dynamic balance between Kerr self-focusing and defocusing effect in the electron plasma generated through the ionization process. It has been observed for various laser wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared domain and for the pulse durations from several tenth of femtosecond to picosecond. The optical intensity in the filamentary volume can become high enough to induce permanent structural modifications which can be utilized in material processing with high precision and some special features. The basic characteristics and the theoretical modes of the filament propagation were described briefly for better understanding the effect. However, the main emphasis of the paper is on the laser industrial application from filamentation effect which is found as a promising and exploring research field in recent years. To achieve non-diffractive ultra-long transmission of filament propagation will play an important role in the development of the novel ultrafast laser material processing technology. From the physical feature, basic mechanism and characteristic advantages of filamentation effects, the representative research achievements on the laser applications of filamentation induced in gas, liquid and solid different media were presented. It is demonstrated that laser filamentation induced in gas provides high intensity plasma strings of micrometric diameters and lengths of tens of centimeters which can achieve remotely drilling, cutting and milling of metals, biological materials, ceramics and single crystal (sapphire). Complex 3D shapes can be machined without any adjustment of the technique because the processing is carried out under defocusing condition. Micromachining techniques of cutting and welding by water acting as a medium for filament formation were introduced afterwards. Filament formation in water leads to decrease of the focal spot diameter and increases of fluence and axial focal length, which is capable of drilling holes in thick soda-lime and hardened glasses, even for complex –shape fabrication. Filament formation at the interface of two glass samples was also used for welding applications. By varying repetition rate, scanning speed and focal position optimal conditions, strong glass welding via filamentation were obtained. The development problem and prospect of the technique were also considered and discussed. Ultrafast laser processing using filamentation must be a versatile technique in the future industrial material machining because the material modification is initiated by nonlinear absorption with the advantages which is quite different from common ablation.
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Lingfei Ji, Amina, Tianyang Yan, et al. Research progress of ultrafast laser industrial applications based on filamentation[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(9): 851-861. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.09.001
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Figure 1.
Typical modified birefringent regions (type Ⅱ modification)[6].
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Figure 2.
(a) Self-focusing of a beam by optical Kerr effect. (b) Defocusing of the beam by the presence of plasma[17].
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Figure 3.
Filamentation in sapphire irradiated by picosecond laser.
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Figure 4.
Filament-induced laser machining experimental set-up[32].
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Figure 5.
Filament-induced laser machined samples[32].(a)~(d) Deformed aluminum can samples.(e)~(h) Biological samples (flesh and bones).
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Figure 6.
Samples fabricated by picosecond laser filamentation machining. (a) Machining process. (b) 3D milling sample. (c) Cut surface sample of fabricated sapphire.
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Figure 7.
Samples of corning Gorilla glass fabricated by ultra-fast laser filamentation in water[38].
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Figure 8.
Cutting process of ultra-fast laser filamentation in water[38, 39]. (a) Experimental set-up. (b), (c) Complex shape soda-lime glass cut samples. (d), (e) Thickness of water layer, laser parameters versus groove depth.
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Figure 9.
Cutting throughput results for different thickness materials in water media[40].
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Figure 10.
(a) Channels produced in quartz by symbolized filamentation effects[43]. (b) Channel depths as a function of different laser parameters[43].
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Figure 11.
Schematic diagrams of laser joining process of filamentation in solid media[44]. (a) Place one sample on another and press together. (b) Focus femtosecond laser pulses at the interface and translate the samples. (c) Join the samples. (d) Photomicrographs of top view (xy plane) and side view (yz plane) after femtosecond laser joining.
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Figure 12.
(a) Principal illustration of welding setup [39]. (b), (c) Actual weld seam produced after irradiation and actual welded samples [39].
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Figure 13.
Segment marks in in polycarbonate processed by scattering SwIMM[47].
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Figure 14.
ON and OFF states shown in 3 mm thick polycarbonate substrate fabricated by SwIMM. (a) All icons ON. (b) All icons OFF. (c) Left icons ON. (d) Right icons ON[47].
