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Overview: Adaptive optics (AO) is the technology for correcting the dynamic optical wavefront errors. This article reviews the development process of AO in recent 50 years. Giving a development skeleton of AO is the purpose of this paper. The original ideas of Adaptive Optics were proposed by American astronomer H. W. Babcock in 1953, and Soviet astronomer V. P Linnik in 1957. At that time, there were no technical basics for realizing the proposes. Until late of the 60th decade of 20th century ARPA of US initiated to support fundamental researches of AO, the first papers of AO were published in 1997. In the period of Strategy Defense Initiatives(SDI),since 1985 AO had its booming period, many innovations appeared, including: the theory of atmosphere turbulence and its correction, high resolution imaging of satellites, laser guide star, laser propagation through atmosphere and thermal blooming. From the 90th decade of 20th century, The applications of AO in different areas were expanded quickly. High resolution imaging of astronomical objects is firstly realized by the Come-On project of European Southern Observatory (ESO). Now AO becomes the standard configuration of large astronomical telescopes. Three giant optical telescopes of 30~50 meters are being constructed. In each of these projects, sophisticated AO systems with large scale wavefront correctors, wavefront sensors and constellation of laser guide stars are being developed. Ground based imaging of satellites is another important application of AO. The Air Force of US constructed two AO telescope with 3.6 meters mirror. In 1986 the first solar AO system was used for high resolution observation of the surface structure of the Sun. Correction of wavefront errors in large laser system such as Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is another important application of AO. The first AO system used in ICF was realized in China in 1985. Since then, many AO systems were developed in ICF facilities in China and LLNL of US. The first AO system for civilian use was the retinal imaging of human eye in 1997 by Rochester University. The developing trends of AO are briefly reviewed in this paper, including expanding the correction field of AO system by Multi-layer Conjugation AO (MCAO) using constellation of laser guide stars, extreme AO for elimination the halo around the core of the corrected point spread function (PSF), miniaturization of AO system by using miniaturizing the wavefront correctors and sensors. In every section of the paper, the developments of AO in China, especially in Institute of Optics and Electronics (IOE), are also included. For each technical innovation, the first published paper of the innovator is cited as far as possible.
The seeing correction system proposed by Babcock, the knife edge image of telescope's pupil is detected by the orthicon, the image is converted to correction signal which is projected by an electron beam at the oil film on the Eidophor, changing the wavefront phase, thus forms a feedback close loop[2]
The proposal of Linnik. The secondary mirror N consists of several sub-mirrors, driven by actuators to change the optical light path, the interferometer I forms fringes of the incident light which are detected by the detector P, the detecting zones of P match with the sub-mirrors of the secondary mirror N[3]
Uncompensated (a1, b1) and compensated (a2, b2) images of binary stars and Hubble space telescope taken by CIS[5]. (a1, a2) Binary stars (taken on 18th May 1982); (b1, b2) Hubble space telescope (taken on 24th July 1991) [5]
The AO development course of US in the period of 1972~1993[19]
Primary mirrors arrangement of three super large astronomical telescopes, for comparing, the sizes of basketball field and human body are also shown (update from Wikipedea)
Tracking precision of SOR 3.5 m telescope for low orbit satellite (a) and star (b)[26]
Low orbit satellite Imaging by SOR telescope. (a) Uncompensated; (b) Compensated; (c) Compensated + image processing[26]
Laser emitting from SOR telescope, laser distribution on satellite, right: uncompensated; left: compensated[26]
Sun granules structure imaged by the 151-element AO system[37]. (a) Uncompensated; (b) Compensated
Retina image taken by the AO retina imaging system[45]
Layered high resolution images taken by the AO-CSLO system. (a) Layer of photoreceptors; (b) Layer of blood capillaries; (c) Layer of nerve fibers[47]
The planned constellation of Na beacons for TMT. (a) Constituents of the constellation, different stars used for different AO system; (b) Launching system of 9 Na lasers (provided by IOE)
Point spread function (PSF) of SPHERE system, the Strehl ratio of H band is increased from 0.052 before correction to 0.90 after correction[51].
Star HR4796 and surrounding dust disk, the bright image of main star is obscured by coronagrapher[52]
Miniature deformable mirrors developed by IOE. (a) DM with discrete actuators, 1085 element spacing 3 mm; (b) Bimorph DM, 35 element spacing 3 mm; (c) MEMS DM spacing 0.4 mm (provided by IOE)