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摘要:
本文介绍了主流的特种光纤制备技术及其特点，并根据特种光纤在众多光纤传感领域的应用实例报道了熊猫型保偏光纤、旋转光纤、特殊环境用光纤以及分布式光纤传感用的新型光纤等特种光纤的研发方向及取得的成果。相比传统采用通信光纤的传感应用，基于特种光纤的光纤传感展现出明显的性能优势，并且衍生出多种新型传感机理的光纤传感系统。
Abstract:The paper reviews the major techniques of specialty fiber fabrication. It primarily reports the progress of panda-type polarization maintaining fiber, spun fiber, specialty fibers for harsh environment and those for novel distributed sensing applications. Compared with the sensing systems utilizing conventional communication fiber, the fiber optic sensors based on specialty fibers show evident advances in performance. Additionally, the development of specialty fibers facilitates the advent of novel sensing mechanisms.
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Overview: The paper introduced four primary approaches for fiber core-rod preform fabrication: the MCVD (modified chemical vapor deposition) process, the PCVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) process, the OVD (outside vapor deposition) process and the VAD (vapor axial deposition) process. Due to the flexible control of sophisticated refractive index profile and the capability of rare-earth element doping, the PCVD and MCVD processes are widely utilized for specialty fiber preform fabrication.
The progresses of specialty fibers used for sensing were reviewed, organized in four sections, namely, specialty fibers based on polarization, functional specialty fibers as a gain medium for fiber-optic sensing, specialty fibers for harsh environment, and fibers for distributed sensing. The reduced-diameter polarization-maintaining fibers (PMF), such as PMFs with 80 μm (cladding)/135 μm (coating) and 60 μm/100 μm, have been developed to meet the demand of smaller-size gyroscope applications with comparable mechanical and optical performance. YOFC has successfully fabricated high-birefringence spun fiber for fiber-optic current transformer (FOCT) applications. The results of tested FOCT system with the spun fiber coil as the sensing element showed great agreement with temperature change; Rare-earth doped fibers, which are an essential part of fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers, have achieved high absorption coefficient and high light/light conversion efficiency for lasers. The 20/125 double-cladding ytterbium-doped fiber fabricated by YOFC has ensured a laser output of M2 < 1.5; Specialty fibers for harsh environment use also play a crucial role in fiber-optic sensing in various extreme environment applications. High strength bend-insensitive fibers have been developed in order to meet the requirement of optical hydrophone applications with 200 kpsi proof test and bending radius as small as less than 5 mm. The radiation hard fibers with pure silica core produced by YOFC have passed the test in the environment of up to 10000 Gy. For high temperature resistant fibers, test results showed the polyimide-coated fiber was able to withstand as high as 300 ℃ and also ensure the optical and mechanical properties; Additionally, the paper reviewed a number of novel specialty fibers that have been used in distributed sensing applications, such as the optimized multimode fiber (MMF) for distributed temperature sensing (DTS), few-mode fiber (FMF) for DTS. The results showed the DTS system employing the optimized MMF and FMF could effectively extend the measurement range without deterioration of the spatial resolution and temperature resolution. Also, the Brillouin optical time domain analysis systems based on multicore fibers and FMF have been reported for distributed shape sensing.
In conclusion, the paper reviewed the progress of specialty fibers used for fiber sensing and envisioned the trend of specialty fibers to be more compact, more robust, and suitable for extreme environment.
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图 3 (a) 80/135，(b) 60/100保偏光纤全温度范围串音性能
Figure 3. The test result of (a) 80/135 and (b) 60/100 PMF on polarization crosstalk
图 5 长飞旋转光纤的比差随温度变化曲线
Figure 5. The test result of FOCT performance during temperature fluctuation
图 7 (a) 915 nm泵浦光光转换效率；(b) 1400 W连续稳定性测试
Figure 7. (a) The light-to-light conversion efficiency of fiber laser; (b) The output power fluctuation at 1400 W
图 8 长飞公司PI光纤的高温性能(1100 h，附加损耗小于0.3 dB/km)
Figure 8. The induced attenuation of PI fiber at 300 ℃ (1100 h, the total induced attenuation is less than 0.3 dB/km)
图 9 DTSF折射率剖面设计图
Figure 9. The refractive index profile of the MMF for temperature sensing
图 10 (a) DTSF衰减谱；(b) DTSF带宽
Figure 10. (a) The attenuation spectrum and (b) bandwidth of DTSF
图 11 (a) 长飞测温少模光纤温度分辨率曲线图；(b)长飞测温少模光纤空间分辨率曲线图
Figure 11. (a) The temperature resolution of DTS based on FMF; (b) The spatial resolution of DTS based on FMF
表 1 四大主要光纤预制棒制备技术
Table 1. Introduction to four major perform fabrication processes
工艺 发明公司 发明时间 沉积方式 加热方式 主要产品 MCVD 美国贝尔实验室 1974年 管内法-径向 氢氧焰 掺稀土光纤 PCVD 荷兰飞利浦公司 1975年 管内法-径向 等离子体 通信光纤、多模光纤、特种光纤 OVD 美国康宁公司 1976年 管外法-径向 氢氧焰 通信光纤 VAD 日本NT & T 1977年 管外法-轴向 氢氧焰 通信光纤 
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表 2 四种制棒工艺比较
Table 2. Comparison of the four major perform fabrication processes
工艺 沉积速率 反应效率 制备复杂剖面 PCVD ☆ ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆ VAD ☆☆ ☆☆ ☆ OVD ☆☆☆ ☆☆ ☆ MCVD ☆ ☆☆ ☆☆
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表 3 PCVD工艺和MCVD工艺制备的特种光纤
Table 3. The features of PCVD and MCVD processes
特种光纤制棒工艺 产品类型 主要产品 代表公司 PCVD 无源特种光纤 保偏光纤、色散补偿光纤、抗弯曲光纤、大芯径传能光纤、抗辐射光纤、耐高温光纤、紫外光纤等 长飞、Draka等 MCVD 有源光纤 掺镱光纤、掺铒光纤、掺铋光纤等 Nufern、长飞、Fibrecore等
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