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Overview: Nowadays, with the development of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and FBG based resonant cavity engraving technique, signal demodulation technique, the measurement precision and frequency band range of FBG sensor are constantly improved. This can greatly promote its application in the field of geophysical exploration, seismic observation and marine observation. At present, high-precision broadband FBG sensor is still facing some challenges about core devices and key techniques. The core devices include high-fineness FBG based resonant, low-noise narrow-linewidth tunable laser. The key techniques include high-precision broadband FBG wavelength demodulation technique, large-scale networking technique and high-sensitivity signal pickup probe design. Firstly, this paper introduces the development of high-precision FBG sensing technique. Nearly three years, some novel sensing mechanism, demodulation method and sensing applications have been proposed. This improves the FBG low-frequency strain measurement resolution to 10-10, which makes it possible for the FBG sensors to be applied in geophysical exploration, seismic observation and marine observation. However, the system measurement resolution and dynamic range still need to be further improved. The high-precision temperature compensation and large-scale multiplexing technique are also the key problems to be solved. Secondly, this paper focuses on the cord devices and key techniques required for high-precision FBG sensing system and their applications in geophysical exploration, seismic observations and ocean observation. The cord devices include high-fineness FBG resonator, low noise narrow linewidth tunable laser. The key techniques include high-resolution broadband FBG signal interrogation technique, large-scale networking technique and high sensitivity signal detector design. Finally, in order to provide references for the development and application of high-precision fiber Bragg grating sensing technology, this paper aims to analyze and summarize some of the core techniques involved in high-precision FBG sensing technique and its application and the key issues that need to be solved in the field of geophysical exploration, seismic observation and marine observation.
The picture and reflection spectra of FBG resonant cavity
The phase noise and frequency noise map of fiber laser from NKT Photonic company[42]
The schematic diagram for improving the performance of narrow linewidth tunable laser
The high-resolution FBG resonator wavelength demodulation principle based on optical frequency comb [28]
The high-resolution FBG resonator wavelength demodulation principle based on suppressed carrier sweep frequency modulation technique[35]
(a) The high-resolution FBG resonator wavelength demodulation principle and (b) frequency-locked laser power density spectrum based on fiber laser and beat frequency measurement technique[40]
(a) The structure schematic diagram and (b) frequency response of high sensitivity phase shifted FBG[44]
The fiber laser geophones of Insitute of Semiconductors, CAS and the comparison experiment with Sercel moving-coil geophones. (a)~(c) are the direct wave and deep reflection signals recorded by optic fiber sensors and moving-coil sensors re-spectively[49]
The FBG seismic detection system from Italian Istituto Nazionale di Ottica[51]
(a) The FBG crustal deformation observation system; (b) Recorded tide signals from Shanghai Jiao Tong University[53]
(a) The short-baseline FBG strain sensor and (b) recorded tide from Institute of Semiconductors, CAS
High precision FBG submarine earthquake and tsunami warning system[61]
The underwater comparison experiment of fiber laser submarine seismograph recording the air gun signals. (a) The picture of fiber submarine seismograph; (b) Schematic experiment diagram; (c) Sin-gle-component time domain waveform comparison diagram between fiber submarine seismograph and electrical submarine seismograph