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摘要:
气体的快速识别与检测已成为国内外研究者迫切解决的重大问题。随着光学技术的快速发展，气体光学检测技术以其高效率、多组分、高灵敏度等显著优势而成为气体检测领域的重要研究热点之一。本文介绍了气体光学检测技术的理论基础，并按主动式与被动式两大类综述了各种典型气体光学检测技术的工作原理及应用进展。运用这些气体检测技术，已经对几十种气体实现远距离、高灵敏度的连续实时监测，完成了多种场景下对气体成分、浓度、温度等参数的测量，有效减少了危险事故的发生。通过总结和分析现有气体光学检测技术仍存在的技术问题，对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。
Abstract:Rapid identification and detection of gases is a major problem that needs to be solved urgently by researches from worldwide. With the development of optical technology, optical gas detection technology has attracted great attention due to its remarkable advantages of high efficiency, multi-component detection ability and high sensitivity. In this paper, the theoretical foundation of optical gas detection technology is first introduced. Then the working principles and applications of various optical detection technologies for typical gases according to active and passive detection are reviewed. Using these gas detection technologies, dozens of gases have been continuously monitored at long distance with high sensitivity. The measurements of gas composition, concentration, temperature and other parameters in a variety of scenarios are realized, which effectively reduces the occurrence of dangerous accidents. By summarizing and analyzing the technical problems that still exist in the current optical gas detection technology, the future development trend is prospected.
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Overview: With the development of economy, human demands for chemical materials are increasing. Although these chemical materials provide great convenience and improvement to our daily lives, gas leakage accidents in various fields happen frequently. Leakage of the commonly used flammable and explosive gases such as liquefied petroleum gas, methane and vinyl chloride may cause explosions or fires. Gas leakage accidents not only cause huge economic losses, but also can cause casualties. In addition, some non-toxic, odorless and seemingly harmless gases can also cause great harm to the environment. For example, SF6 gas, which is commonly used in power systems, and gases such as CO2 emitted in production will cause the greenhouse effect, resulting global warming. Therefore, developing gas detection technology that can achieve rapid, qualitative and quantitative identification and detection of harmful gases in various scenarios has become an urgent problem for researchers. With the development of spectral imaging technology, the spectroscopy method develops rapidly. Compared with the traditional gas detection method, the spectroscopy method does not require sample preparation, and is fast, non-invasive, highly-efficient and dynamic, thus suitable for rapid and continuous detection in various fields. Accordingly, the spectroscopy method has become a hot spot of research and application in various countries.
This paper first introduces the theoretical foundation of optical gas detection technology, and then reviews the working principle and application of various optical detection technologies for typical gases according to active and passive detection. Active detection methods include tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), differential absorption LiDAR (DIAL), differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), etc. Passive detection methods include remote sensing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RS-FTIR) and spectral imaging (SI). This paper focuses on the applications of optical gas detection methods mentioned above. In order to facilitate a deeper understanding of the application fields of each technology, we have detailed the types of gases, accuracy, detection limits, volume and cost that can be detected in each technical, and the latest application results of each technology are introduced in detail. Using these gas detection technologies, continuous and real-time monitoring with long distance and high sensitivity for dozens of gases have been achieved, measurements of composition, concentration, temperature and other parameters of gases in a variety of scenarios have been realized, thus effectively reducing the appearances of dangerous accidents. The future development tendency of optical gas detection technologies is prospected after summarizing and analyzing the existing technologies and their problems.
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图 8 基于UCD的激光雷达测量装置[30]
Figure 8. Laser radar measuring device based on upconversion detector[30
图 9 DOAS系统功能图
Figure 9. Function diagram of differential optical absorption spectroscopy system
图 10 NO2测量法及结果。(a)布加勒斯特地图与测量概述；蓝色线代表测量轨迹，绿色圆点和红色三角形代表测量位置；(b)第一天测得的几何修正后的NO2垂直柱密度；(c)第二天测得的几何修正后的NO2垂直柱密度[34]
Figure 10. Measurement method and results of NO2. (a) Map of Bucharest with an overview of the measurements; Blue lines show the flight tracks, Circles and triangles mark the measurement locations; (b) Vertical column densities measured on first day; (c) Vertical column densities measured on second day[34]
图 12 近地面大气CO2测量系统。(a)车载OP-FTIR光谱仪及应用场景；(b)西南点CO2浓度分布极坐标图；(c)中心点CO2浓度分布极坐标图[50]
Figure 12. Integrative investigations of near-ground surface atmospheric CO2 conditions. (a) Application of the vehicle-mounted OP-FTIR spectrometer in different land; (b) Polar plot of the horizontal distribution of path integrated CO2 concentration measured at the southwestern point; (c) Polar plot of the horizontal distribution of path integrated CO2 concentration measured at the central point[50]
图 13 光谱成像技术应用原理及三维数据立方体示意图
Figure 13. Principle of spectral imaging technology and schematic diagram of 3D data cubes
图 14 (a) FIRST气体成像光谱仪及应用；(b) Sherlock VOC气体成像光谱仪及应用；(c) AIRIS-WAD自适应红外成像光谱仪及应用
Figure 14. (a) Gas imaging spectrometer and its application of FIRST; (b) Gas imaging spectrometer and its application of Sherlock VOC; (c) Gas imaging spectrometer and its application of AIRIS-WAD
图 16 高分五号载荷及工作谱段。(a)高分五号载荷配置；(b)高分五号对地成像谱段；(c)高分五号大气探测谱段[69]
Figure 16. Payloads configuration and spectral characteristics of GF-5. (a) Payloads configuration of GF-5 satellite; (b) Spectral characteristics of earth imaging instrument for GF-5; (c) Spectral characteristics of atmosphere sounding for GF-5[69]
表 1 典型气体光学检测技术对比
Table 1. Comparison of typical gas optical detection techniques
名称 优点 缺点 工作波段 应用领域 主动式检测 可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱 环境适应性强；
选择性强；
易于小型化；
结果无需标定光源波长范围小；
可同时测量气体种类少近红外波段:
(0.73 μm~3 μm)；
中红外波段:
(2 μm~15 μm)大气环境监测；
工业过程检测；
流场诊断差分吸收激光雷达 测量结果偏差较小；
信噪比高；
可三维监测；
远距离遥感测量易受大气折射率湍流的影响；
受人眼安全和可靠性的限制紫外波段:
(1.4 μm~4.2 μm)大气气溶胶云映射、云雾测量；
污染气体测量；
天然气排放检测差分吸收光谱 系统实时性好；
价格便宜；
光程上的线测量易受随机噪声干扰；
点位选取要求苛刻；
安装复杂紫外波段:
(0.19 μm~0.5 μm)；
可见光波段:
(0.55 μm~0.7 μm)大气在线监测；
脱硫脱硝；
电厂烟气排放；
对NOX、SO2和O3检测效果显著被动式检测 被动式遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱 无分光元件；
处理速度快；
无需光谱扫描；
可同时测量污染物种类多易产生相位误差；
傅里叶变换计算耗时；
干净环境中痕量气体测量时灵敏度低；
系统需冷却近红外波段:
(0.75 μm~3 μm)；
中红外波段
(3.3 μm~40 μm)；
远红外波段
(40 μm~330 μm)污染物发射率测量；
腐蚀性气体测量；
温度和烟气测量；
温室气体测量；
挥发性有机物(VOCs)测量光谱成像 光谱分辨率极高；
连续的地物光谱信息；
极高的探测和识别能力；
可探测被测物的状态参量系统结构复杂；
数据量庞大；
图像处理步骤复杂；
空间分辨率较低紫外、可见光、近红外和中红外波段
(0.24 μm~12.5 μm)军事侦察识别；
温室气体监测；
水体监测；
植被识别；
资源勘探；
海洋遥感
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表 2 三种光谱成像技术比较
Table 2. Comparison of three spectral imaging techniques
多光谱成像 高光谱成像 超光谱成像 波段数 ≤10 10~100 100~1000 光谱分辨率 0.1 cm-1 0.01 cm-1 ≤0.001 cm-1 图谱 分离 合一 合一 通道连续性 不连续 连续 合一
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表 3 我国星载高光谱遥感技术
Table 3. Technology of spaceborne-based hyperspectral remote sensing of our country
名称 空间外差光谱仪 碳卫星 风云三号 高分五号 特点 光通量大；
无运动部件，结构简单；
集成度高，重量轻；
功耗小采样率高；
可观测气溶胶；
检测精准度高；
可靠性和稳定性较好反演精度高；
光谱通道数量较多；
光谱定标精度高光谱分辨率高；
探测范围大；
可定量化探测；
信噪比高相关参数 光谱范围：
6325 cm-1~6360 cm-1；
光谱分辨率：0.27 cm-1；
信噪比：500可工作在760 nm, 1610 nm, 2060 nm特征波段；
光谱分辨率：0.04 nm光谱范围：0.69 µm ~15.0 µm；
地面分辨率：0.25 km~4 km；
扫描范围：±49.5°最高空间分辨率：20 m;
可见光谱段光谱分辨率：5 nm;
红外光谱段光谱分辨率：0.03 cm-1应用范围 大气中CO2的探测 大气中CO2和气溶胶的探测 大气温室气体(CO、CO、CH4等)的探测 陆表生态环境监测、资源调查及地质填图等 时间 2010年 2016年 2017年 2018年
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