Citation: | Rao Changhui, Zhu Lei, Zhang Lanqiang, et al. Development of solar adaptive optics[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(3): 170733. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.170733 |
[1] | Rimmele T R. Solar adaptive optics[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2000, 4007: 218-232. doi: 10.1117/12.390301 |
[2] | 姜文汉.自适应光学技术[J].自然杂志, 2006, 28(1): 7-13. Jiang W H. Adaptive optical technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2006, 28(1): 7-13. |
[3] | Esposito S. Introduction to multi-conjugate adaptive optics systems[J]. Comptes Rendus Physique, 2005, 6(10): 1039-1048. doi: 10.1016/j.crhy.2005.11.016 |
[4] | Hubin N, Arsenault R, Conzelmann R, et al. Ground layer adaptive optics[J]. Comptes Rendus Physique, 2005, 6(10): 1099-1109. doi: 10.1016/j.crhy.2005.10.005 |
[5] | Hardy J W. Solar imaging experiment: final report[R]. Lexington, MA: Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1980. |
[6] | Acton D S, Smithson R C. Solar imaging with a segmented adaptive mirror[J]. Applied Optics, 1992, 31(16): 3161-3169. doi: 10.1364/AO.31.003161 |
[7] | Berkefeld T, Schmidt D, Soltau D, et al. The GREGOR adaptive optics system[J]. Astronomische Nachrichten, 2012, 333(9): 863-871. doi: 10.1002/asna.v333.9 |
[8] | Dirk S, Thomas B, Frank H, et al. GREGOR MCAO looking at the Sun[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2000, 4007: 218. doi: 10.1117/12.390301 |
[9] | Shumko S, Gorceix N, Choi S, et al. AO-308: the high-order adaptive optics system at Big Bear Solar Observatory[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2014, 9148: 914835. doi: 10.1117/12.2056731 |
[10] | Schmidt D, Berkefeld T, Heidecke F, et al. GREGOR MCAO looking at the Sun[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2014: 9148: 91481T. |
[11] | Schmidt D, Gorceix N, Goode P R, et al. Clear widens the field for observations of the Sun with multi-conjugate adaptive optics[J]. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2017, 597: L8. |
[12] | Kong L, Zhang L Q, Zhu L, et al. Prototype of solar ground layer adaptive optics at the 1 m New Vacuum Solar Telescope[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2016, 14(10): 100102. doi: 10.3788/COL |
[13] | 饶长辉, 姜文汉, 凌宁, 等.太阳表面米粒结构观测对比度分析[J].天文学报, 2001, 42(2): 134-139. Rao C H, Jiang W H, Ling N, et al. Analysis of the observed R. M. S. contrast in solar granulation[J]. Acta Astronomica Sinica, 2001, 42(2): 134-139. |
[14] | 饶长辉, 张学军, 姜文汉.太阳米粒结构相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感模拟研究[J].光学学报, 2002, 22(3): 285-289. Rao C H, Zhang X J, Jiang W H. Simulation study on correlating Hartmann-Shack Wavefront sensor for solar granulation[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2002, 22(3): 285-289. |
[15] | Rao C H, Jiang W H, Ling N. Adaptive-optics compensation by distributed beacons for non-Kolmogorov turbulence[J]. Applied Optics, 2001, 40(21): 3441-3449. doi: 10.1364/AO.40.003441 |
[16] | Rao C H, Jiang W H, Fang C, et al. A tilt-correction adaptive optical system for the solar telescope of Nanjing University[J]. Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2003, 3(6): 576-586. doi: 10.1088/1009-9271/3/6/576 |
[17] | Rao C H, Zhu L, Rao X J, et al. Performance of the 37-element solar adaptive optics for the 26 cm solar fine structure telescope at Yunnan Astronomical Observatory[J]. Applied Optics, 2010, 49(31): G129-G135. doi: 10.1364/AO.49.00G129 |
[18] | Rao C H, Zhu L, Rao X J, et al. First generation solar adaptive optics system for 1-m New Vacuum Solar Telescope at Fuxian Solar Observatory[J]. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2016, 16(2): 023. |
[19] | Rao C H, Zhu L, Rao X J, et al. Instrument description and performance evaluation of a high-order adaptive optics system for the 1 m new vacuum solar telescope at Fuxian solar observatory[J]. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 833(2): 210. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/210 |
[20] | Rao C H, Zhu L, Gu N T, et al. A high-resolution multi-wavelength simultaneous imaging system with solar adaptive optics[J]. The Astronomical Journal, 2017, 154(4): 143. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa84b4 |
[21] | Kong L, Zhu L, Zhang L Q, et al. Real-time controller based on FPGA and DSP for solar ground layer adaptive optics prototype system at 1-m NVST[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(2): 7801411. |
[22] | 张兰强, 顾乃庭, 饶长辉.大气湍流三维波前探测模式层析算法分析[J].物理学报, 2013, 62(16): 169501. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.169501 Zhang L Q, Gu N T, Rao C H. Analysis of modal tomography for three-dimensional wavefront sensing of atmosphere turbulence[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(16): 169501. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.169501 |
[23] | Zhang L Q, Guo Y M, Rao C H. Solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics based on high order ground layer adaptive optics and low order high altitude correction[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(4): 4356-4367. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.004356 |
Overview: High spatial resolution imaging of the Sun is severely limited by the Earth’s atmosphere turbulence for ground-based solar telescope. Solar adaptive optics (AO) aims at the problems and has revitalized ground-based solar astronomy at existing telescopes. Meanwhile, multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) and ground layer adaptive optics (GLAO) have been proved to overcome the anisoplanatism and obtain the high resolution images with a large field of view in solar observation by compensating for the turbulence with several deformable mirrors conjugated to different heights. Over the three decades AO systems have been deployed at major ground-based solar telescopes and become an indispensable tool for obtaining high-resolution solar images today. Now the AO308 at the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope (GST) represents the highest level of solar AO, which consists of a 308-subaperture correlating Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, a 357-element deformable mirror and a high-order wavefront correction controller. The first solar MCAO system Clear which is built at the GST saw the first light in 2017. In China, the development of solar AO dates back to 2002, in which the tip/tilt correction system was developed by Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and built at the 43-cm Solar Telescope of Nanjing University. After that, a 37-element AO experiment system was designed for the 26-cm solar fine structure telescope at Yunnan Astronomical Observatory. During 2012 to 2015, based on 1-m New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) at Fuxian Solar Observatory, two generation solar AO systems were successfully developed. Meanwhile, MCAO and GLAO were under research to widen the correction field of view, a GLAO and MCAO prototype system were developed and built for the NVST. In this review, we give some summarization of the development of solar adaptive abroad, and emphatically introduce several adaptive optics systems in China and the progress of large FoV adaptive optics.
Principle diagram and the correction results of (a) classical adaptive optics, (b) ground layer adative optics and (c) multi-conjugate adaptive optics
The Sun observed in a field of view of 53″ × 53″ with (a) MCAO, (b) GLAO, and (c) CAO correction with Clear on the NST[10]
The development of solar adaptive optics in Institute of Optics and Electronics, CAS
Solar sunspot images (a) without and (b) with the AO experiment system[17]
Optical layout of the 37-element solar AO system for 1 m NVST
The photo of 151-element solar AO system
The short-exposure open-loop and closed-loop images of sunspot obtained by 151-element solar AO system (705.7 nm@0.6 nm). (a) Solar sunspot images without AO; (b) Solar sunspot images with AO
Comparison of the observed results between without SAO and with speckle reconstruction of SAO image. These images were taken from the six imaging channels. (a) G band; (b) Hα line; (c) TiO band; (d) Ca Ⅱ IR line; (e) He Ⅰ line; (f) Fe Ⅰ line[21]
Sunspot (a) without AO and (b) with GLAO closed loop for active area NOAA 12599 (705.7 at 0.6 nm)
The short exposure sunspots images of (a) the uncorrected, (b) GLAO and (c) MCAO-corrected for active area NOAA 12683 (705.7@0.6 nm)