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Overview: Optical fiber communication is a system in which the light waves are used as the information carriers and the optical fibers are used as the transmission media. Optical fiber is more excellent than the transmission of cable and the microwave communication due to its wide transmission band, high anti-interference ability and low confinement loss, and has become the main transmission method. At the same time, with the development of communication technology, optical fiber communication systems have higher requirements for the performance of optical fibers. Traditional single-mode fibers can no longer meet the demands. Compared with conventional fibers, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have many unique characteristics, including no cut-off single mode transmission, highly tunable dispersion, excellent nonlinear effect, birefringence effect and so on. Therefore, PCFs have attracted considerable interests in recent years. In 2011, K. Yang proposed a PCF with elliptical air holes distributing on the inner rings. The birefringence of this PCF achieves 0.87×10-2, and the confinement loss is 0.01 dB/m. In 2016, the birefringence of the PCF designed by L. Wu reaches 2.21×10-2. In 2017, by introducing the elliptical air holes in the core, a birefringence of 3.41×10-2 and a dispersion of -608.93 ps·km-1·nm-1 was obtained by J. Liao. In 2019, the birefringence of the PCF with two elliptical air holes in the core proposed by Q. Liu is 1.4207×10-2, and the order of the confinement loss achieves 10-4 dB/m. However, the existing studies with simple arrangement of air holes in the cladding show poor asymmetry, affecting the further improvement of the properties such as the birefringence and the confinement loss, so it could not meet the rapidly growing demands for optical fiber communication.
To fix the above problems, we proposed a novel PCF for long distance communication with crossly distributed elliptical and circular air holes sequences in the cross-section in this paper. The birefringence and confinement loss of the proposed PCF were systematically analyzed by using of the full vector finite element method. Then, we obtained the optical structure parameters by systematically numerical analysis and explored the Brillouin gain spectrum characteristics of the PCF. The results reveal that the proposed PCF offers an ultrahigh birefringence of 3.51×10-2 with the confinement loss as low as 1.5×10-9 dB/m for the optimal structure of the PCF at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and the Brillouin frequency shift of x- and y-polarization are about 10.15 GHz and 10.4 GHz respectively. In addition, the PCF proposed in this work may be helpful for applications in the field of fiber optical sensing, the polarization-maintaining fiber, and the long-distance transmission of optical signal.
Cross section of the designed photonic crystal fiber
The field distribution and energy contour of LP01 at 1550 nm with η=0.2. (a), (b) x-polarization; (c), (d) y-polarization
Effective refractive index of the proposed PCF changes with the increase of a
Birefringence of the proposed PCF changes with the increase of a
The birefringence of the PCF with different η as a function of wavelength
Dispersion of the optical fiber as a function of wavelength
The confinement loss of the proposed PCF as a function of wavelength. (a) x-polarization; (b) y-polarization
The distribution of acoustic mode LP01 of the PCF
Brillouin gain spectrum of the proposed PCF
Birefringence as a function of wavelength with 1%~2% variations of circular air holes diameter(2b)