Opto-Electronic Advances  2019, Vol. 2 Issue (8): 190012      DOI: 10.29026/oea.2019.190012
Spectrum evolution of Rayleigh backscattering in one-dimensional waveguide
Fuhui Li1, Tianyi Lan1, Ligang Huang1, Iroegbu Paul Ikechukwu1, Wuming Liu2, Tao Zhu1
1. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
2. Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Introduction

Rayleigh scattering mechanisms which consist of spontaneous Rayleigh scattering (SponRS) and stimulated Rayleigh scattering (STRS) have been tremendously investigated and widely employed in fundamental researches and potential applications1, 2. The SponRS which has been greatly studied for its birefringence and polarization properties in the optical time-domain reflectometer and communications is mainly associated with the density fluctuations partly caused by local thermal fluctuations in mediums3-5. On the other hand, the STRS was observed in a linearly absorbing media and was attributed to light-induced localized thermal fluctuations6-9. In this process, STRS presents an unusual anti-Stokes frequency shift of approximately one half of the half intensity width of the pump laser. Despite the aforementioned devoted research efforts, the spectrum characteristics were not systematically investigated, which is an essential characteristic of Rayleigh scattering.

In our previous work, we investigated Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) in different types of optical fibers and some applications of Rayleigh scattering such as narrower filter, have be attained10, 11. Moreover, we applied the characteristic of the RBS to the field of narrow linewidth lasers, precisely for attaining deep compression of the laser linewidth12. In this process, the spectrum evolution (SpE) characteristics of the RBS are the fundamental approach employed to realize a compressed laser linewidth. Despite significant research progress, previous analysis has primarily focused on the experimental results and macro-perspective. The microphysical processes and the dynamic characteristics of SpE for Rayleigh scattering are intriguing and greatly desirable, since ultimately numerous relevant experimental phenomena in practice require such theoretical analysis. It remains a challenge and almost unexplored area to comprehend such behavior in a microcosmic analysis for Rayleigh scattering.

In this paper, we have focused on the RBS and investigated the microscopic characteristics of SpE in a one-dimensional waveguide (ODW) based on the quantum theory. The dynamic process of the SpE is revealed in essence. According to the Jaynes-Cummings (J-C) model13, 14 and taking into account the system dissipation15, 16, we have established a SpE-model of RBS source in ODW and simulated the evolution process of spectral linewidth during the continuous scattering process, which is equivalent to a dynamic filtering model with a continuous narrowing linewidth. As a resultant of the continuous scattering for each scattering source amidst the transmission process, the spectrum linewidth of scattering field would decrease with the increase of the transmission length, and likewise weakly shrink to the short-wave direction relative to the initial pump field. On the basis of theoretical assumptions, we propose an approximate theoretical prediction that describes the relationship between the spectrum linewidth of the scattering field and the transmission length. This ultimately inspires the feasibility of constructing a micro-cavity structure capable of attaining linewidth compression theoretically, provided the scattering field could be separated and collected during continuous scattering. In accordance to the SpE characteristics and law of Rayleigh scattering in ODW, we also propose a theoretical model of the micro-cavity structure to realize the deep compression of laser linewidth.

Dynamic analysis model and simulation

The interaction Hamiltonian of electrons of scattering medium in the radiation field is described as17-19:

 ${H_{{\rm{er}}}} = \frac{{{e^2}}}{{2m}}\mathit{\boldsymbol{A}} \cdot \mathit{\boldsymbol{A}} - \frac{e}{m}\mathit{\boldsymbol{p}} \cdot \mathit{\boldsymbol{A}},$ (1)

where m is the mass of the electron, e is the electron charge, p is the momentum operator of the electron, and A is the vector potential of the radiation field. The first group of mathematical symbols is called A2 term, which generally contributes to the matrix-element of light scattering. It involves the scattering of an even number of photons while the atomic states remain unchanged during the energy level transition. The second group of mathematical symbols is called the pA cross term, which is a linear term in the expression of generation and annihilation operator of the photons. According to the microscopic characteristics of scattering, Rayleigh scattering is derived from the radiation field, and it belongs to the two-photon process involving the emission and absorption of photons. Only the A2 of the Her contributes to it. The transition probability of Rayleigh scattering is described as Eq. (2) when the system changes from the initial state |ϕi〉=|ψi〉|n1〉|n2〉 to the final state |ϕf〉=|ψi〉|n1-1〉|n2+1〉.

 $P=\left|\left\langle\phi_{\mathrm{f}}|S| \phi_{i}\right\rangle\right|^{2},$ (2)

where S is the scattering operator handled by second-order approximation, |ψi〉 represents the atomic state, |n1〉 and |n2〉 represent the photon number states of the pump field and the scattered field, respectively. If other components of the radiation field are ignored, equation (2) suggests the Rayleigh scattering would occur provided the system changes from the initial state |ϕi〉 to the final state |ϕf〉. Thus, pump field will be at the |n1-1〉 whereas the scattered field is at the |n2+1〉, which connotes the larger the transition probability of the absorption and radiation, the higher the Rayleigh scattering intensity. In ODW, the RBS will be accumulated along the ODW length.

Based on the J-C model and the consideration of dissipation13-16, the single mode light field is a multi-frequency field with a specific linewidth and continuous distribution in the frequency domain. As shown in Fig. 1, the spectrum analysis of Rayleigh scattering can be divided into two steps namely: the generation of the RBS sources along the ODW during the forward transmission of pump field and the continuous scattering process of each RBS source during the backward transmission. For the aim of a convenient analysis, a unit cell on the cross section of the ODW can be regarded as a distributed scattering point. The initial seed source of Rayleigh scattering at each distributed scattering point will emerge due to the interaction between the pump field and waveguide cross-section atom. In this process, although the scattering generated in a waveguide is a distributed scattering with multiple directions, we investigated its evolution characteristics of the spectrum linewidth by the backscattering in ODW, and the enlarged figure represents a unit cell structure. Assuming the ODW consists of the same unit cell, each RBS source generated by a continuous pump field at every distributed point will be regarded as the same. According to Eq. (3), the radiative transition probability of a single atom from an up energy state |i〉 to a low energy state |j〉 can be expressed as20-22:

 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Rayleigh scattering spectrum analysis in an ODW. The inset picture represents the separation and collection of each RBS field during the continuous scattering process.
 $P = \frac{{4{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}^2}{c^2}}}{{3{\hbar ^2}\omega }}{\left| {\langle i\;{\rm{|}}\frac{e}{{mc}}\mathit{\boldsymbol{p}}\;{{\rm{e}}^{ - {\rm{i}}\mathit{\boldsymbol{k}} \cdot \mathit{\boldsymbol{r}}}}{\rm{|}}\;j\rangle } \right|^2}\rho (\omega ),$ (3)

where ρ(ω) is the energy density of unit frequency, when the e-ikr of Eq. (3) is replaced by eikr, P is used to describe the absorption transition probability. Since P is directly proportional to the ρ(ω), the intensity distribution of each RBS source at each distributed point will slightly tend to the high-frequency part in comparison to the initial pump field. It is evident that the intensity of Rayleigh scattering will increase with the increase of the transmission length due to the accumulation of RBS sources along ODW. Moreover, we select the kth RBS source as a representative to investigate the SpE law of each RBS source during the continuous scattering process. The inset picture in Fig. 1 shows the separation and collection of each RBS field during the continuous scattering of the kth source via an optical circulator (OC), whereas the red pellet represents the multiple distributed scattering point in ODW. According to the transition characteristics presented in Eq. (3), the spectrum of the RBS field will weakly shrink to the short-wave direction with the increase of transmission length during the continuous scattering process. It is evident that the SpE characteristic of the Rayleigh scattering in ODW is mainly attributed to the continuous scattering process of each scattering source. As a resultant of a continuous incident pumped field, the SpE characteristic of the Rayleigh scattering in ODW would synthesize the statistical characteristics of each scattering source.

In the evolution process of quantum system discussed above, isolated system is mostly considered. However, in practical process, the system we investigated inevitably interacts with the surrounding environment. In addition, the scattering of light field in a waveguide device is a complicated process. Apart from Rayleigh scattering, there exist other forms of scattering including: Brillouin scattering and Raman scattering. Also, there are some other influencing factors, such as imperfections in the waveguide causing loss, coupling to free-space mode and cooperative effects in scattering. Herein, we have neglected the influence of other factors and mainly focused on the RBS to reveal the SpE characteristics of Rayleigh scattering in dissipative system. Generally speaking, there are many methods to deal with dissipative quantum theory23-26, such as quantum trajectory method and input-output theory. Based on the frequency distribution characteristics of light field under the consideration of dissipation, which is a multi-frequency field with a specific linewidth and continuous distribution in the frequency domain, the reservoir can be regarded as a set of harmonic oscillators with continuous frequency distribution. Also, the effect of reservoir on the cavity field is expressed in the form of equivalent input and output fields.

By discussing the relationship among internal cavity field, input field and output field during the continuous scattering process, an analytical evolution model of the kth RBS source is established to describe the physical process of SpE in ODW intuitively. In this process, each scattering field in the continuous scattering process is employed to act as an internal cavity field. And the output field in the previous scattering is employed to act as an input field corresponding to the next scattering. Ultimately the SpE law of each RBS source during continuous scattering is equivalent to a dynamic filtering model with a continuous narrowing linewidth in frequency domain. The power spectrum after cycle for i times can be expressed as23, 24:

 $\begin{array}{c} S_{{\rm{RBS}}k}^i(\omega ) = \{ [\frac{{{\gamma _i}}}{{{\gamma _i} - i(\omega - {\omega _i})}}] \cdot [\frac{{{\gamma _{i - 1}}}}{{{\gamma _{i - 1}} - i(\omega - {\omega _{i - 1}})}}] \cdot \cdot \cdot \\ [\frac{{{\gamma _1}}}{{{\gamma _1} - i(\omega - {\omega _1})}}{\rm{}}]\} \cdot {S_0}(\omega ), \end{array}$ (4)

where γi is half the linewidth of the ith filtering model, ωi is the center frequency of the ith filtering model. Based on the continuous narrowing characteristic in frequency domain of the analysis model, the γi can be expressed as γi=γ1e-βi, where β represents Rayleigh scattering coefficient of waveguide material. Although each scattering field varies within the spectral range of the initial incident light field during the continuous scattering process, the radiation transition probability P is related to the unit energy density according to the microscopic physical process. In order to characterize the difference of each scattering field during the continuous scattering process, we introduce a density constant k to approximate the ωi as:

 ${\omega _i} = [1 + \frac{{{\rho _i}(\omega )}}{k}]{\omega _{i - 1}},$ (5)

where ρi(ω) represents the unit energy density of the power spectrum after ith filtering, k is used to characterize the energy density corresponding to the natural transition frequency ωa0 of atoms in a waveguide medium, which can be regarded as a constant value for a given waveguide medium. And there exists ρi(ω) < < k under the same condition. S0(ω) is the initial pump field injected into the ODW expressed as:

 ${\rm{}}{S_0}(\omega ) = \frac{{\langle n\rangle }}{{\rm{ \mathsf{ π} }}}\frac{{\gamma /2}}{{{{(\omega - {\omega _0})}^2} + {{(\gamma /2)}^2}}},$ (6)

where 〈n〉 represents the average number of photons of S0(ω), γ is the linewidth and ω0 is the center frequency. Based on the continuous narrowing characteristic of the frequency linewidth of the analysis model, Rayleigh scattering can be employed to act as an effective mechanism to produce a weak signal with continuous narrowing in frequency domain. In addition, the characteristics of the SpE of Rayleigh scattering in ODW become a statistical effect for each RBS source in the actual process, which is consistent with our previous experimental observation10.

According to Eq. (4), the SpE-dynamic process of the kth RBS source during the continuous scattering process is shown in Fig. 2(a). In the simulation, the 3-dB linewidth of the initial pump light with Lorentzian line shape is set to be 2 MHz, γ1 is set to be 1 MHz. Due to ν=ω/2π, the frequency corresponding to the central wavelength can be described by ν0. Herein, the span is set to be 6 MHz, which means the value of Δν is 1 MHz in the simulation. In order to conveniently execute the simulation, ρi(ω)/k is set to be 0.0001, which characterizes the statistical value of νi in the continuous scattering process27. Curves of different colors represent the normalized power spectra of the kth RBS source at various filtering number. To describe the fundamental law of the SpE of each RBS source clearly, a small illustration is introduced in Fig. 2(a). The red curve is the normalized power spectrum of the S0(ω). It is evident that the linewidth of the normalized power spectrum undergoes a decrease in correlation to an increase in the number of cycles. In comparison to the S0(ω), the spectra of the RBS source weakly shrinks to the short wave direction during the continuous scattering process. Likewise, the effect of an effective doping degree (EDD) on the SpE of the kth RBS source is investigated when the number of filtering is set to be 20, as shown in Fig. 2(b). Here, the EDD is used to characterize the reasonable auxiliary energy-level in the system, and the impact of the EDD is equivalent to changing the linewidth of the SpE-model. In the simulation, we can use the linewidth reduction of the SpE-model to characterize the increase of the EDD. The red dotted arrow in Fig. 2(b) represents the SpE direction with the increase of the EDD. It is observable that the linewidth of the spectra would undergo a decrease in correlation to an increase of the EDD. This can support the reason for the choice of inhomogeneous fiber employed as the RBS fiber in a narrow linewidth laser system11.

 Fig. 2 Simulation of the SpE law for the kth RBS source in the continuous scattering process. (a) The frequency spectra of the kth RBS source at different filtering number of times; (b) The frequency spectra of the kth RBS source under different effective dopant degree (EDD).
Approximate theoretical prediction

According to the physical theory of the SpE-model, the decay of the internal cavity field is a crucial factor of the SpE of each RBS source amidst the continuous scattering process. Based on the quantum jump theory28, 29, with a focus on the decay of average photon number of the internal cavity field, an approximate theoretical prediction to describe the relationship between the SpE of each RBS source and the transmission length is proposed in ODW provided the waveguide material is determined. The relational expression which exists between the number of the cycles and the effective transmission length can be approximated as:

 $L = \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^N \;{L_i} = \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^N \frac{{ < {n_0}{ > _i}{l_{0i}}}}{{{n_0}}},$ (7)

where N is the number of the cycles, 〈n0i is the average photon number attenuated in the ith cycle, l0i is the coherence length of the scattering field after ith cycle, which is used to approximately characterize the effective length corresponding to photon annihilation, and n0 is the effective number of single-electron atoms distributing on the cross-section of the ODW. According to Eq. (7) and Fig. 2, the relationship between the SpE of each RBS source and L would be established. In order to conveniently execute the simulation, the parameters are set as follows: n0=10〈n0i , and l0=150 m, which corresponds to the coherence length of the S0(ω) with a linewidth of 2 MHz. As shown in Fig. 3, the black square curve reveals a changed relationship between the SpE of the ith RBS source and the L amidst the continuous scattering in ODW. It can be observed that the spectrum linewidth of each RBS source will decrease with an increase of the L. The blue curve with five-pointed star reflects the effect of the EDD on the SpE of the RBS source during the continuous scattering process, which is corresponding to Fig. 2(b). And it means that the spectrum linewidth of each RBS source will decrease with an increase of the EDD.

 Fig. 3 Theoretical prediction: the black curve with square describes the relationship between the spectral linewidth of the kth RBS source and the transmission distance L, while the blue curve with five-pointed star reveals the relationship between the spectral linewidth of the kth RBS source and the effective dopant degree (EDD).

It is worth noting that the actual value of the SpE rate of each RBS source would be less than the theoretical predicted value as a consequence of the decay rate of the photon within the internal cavity field being relatively lesser than it's decoherence rate. In comparison to the traditional optical feedback method employed to narrow laser linewidth mainly by increasing the cavity length, the RBS method acting as a new mechanism can provide a weak optical feedback signal with a continuous narrowing linewidth in frequency domain during laser oscillation, which is the core of realizing the deep compression of laser linewidth. Therefore, the fundamental SpE law revealed in the theoretical prediction would offer the feasibility of constructing a functional device capable enough to attain linewidth compression in the field of narrow linewidth lasers theoretically. In this process, the RBS signal can be accumulated by designing a special waveguide structure and a micro-cavity structure of realizing linewidth compression can be obtained by means of integrating techniques of material. Consistent with the aforementioned assumption, we can approximately predict the corresponding linewidth by the useful parameters (L, EDD) of a functional device, and equally combine the macro-structure optimization of the device with the micro-mechanism to construct an ameliorate functional device to attain the expected output linewidth theoretically, provided the constraints are ignored.

Experimental scheme and design of microcavity structure

In this section, we will introduce the experimental scheme employed to actualize the SpE law revealed by the proposed analysis model. Also, based on the SpE characteristic, we propose a theoretical design of micro-cavity structure feasible enough to attain deep laser linewidth compression.

Experimental scheme

Under normal circumstances, it is arduous to directly observe the dynamic physical process of the SpE of Rayleigh scattering. Based on our long-term research on fiber waveguide, we design an experimental scheme as shown in Fig. 4. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser with a certain linewidth acting as a pump light is injected into a non-uniform fiber via the port 2 of OC1. Furthermore, the RBS1 signal and the pump signal will be separated, and the RBS1 signal originating from the port 3 of the OC1 will be measured via the 10% output (Point A) of Coupler 1 (C1). Whereas, the remaining light signal from the 90% output acting as a new pump light is injected into another non-uniform fiber via the port 2 of the OC2 after being amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Similarly, the RBS2 signal generated from the RBS fiber will be measured via the 10% output (Point B) of Coupler 2 (C2). Propagating across a series of sequences of the scattering system (SS), the RBSn signal will be measured via the 10% output (Point N) of Coupler n. The linewidth of the RBS signal can be measured by a self-heterodyne detection system.

 Fig. 4 The experimental scheme for measuring the SpE of Rayleigh scattering. ISO: Optical isolator; OC: Optical circulator; C: 90:10 coupler; EDFA: Erbium doped fiber amplifier. SS: A series of sequences of the scattering system.

In this process, suppose ⅰ) the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of the non-uniform fiber used in the system is large enough; ⅱ) the intrinsic linewidth remains unchanged when the RBS signal amplified by the EDFA has a sufficient power to act as the new pump light, the experimental scheme can be implemented. The part which consists of an OC1 and C1 in Fig. 4 has been implemented in our previous research10. During the experimental process, a fiber laser with a linewidth of 11.2 kHz acts as a pump light, and the linewidth of the RBS signal in three different types of fibers namely 2 km single mode fiber (SMF-28e), 7 km large effective area fiber (LEAF) and 100 m polarization maintaining fiber (PMS) are ~9 kHz, ~10 kHz, and ~11 kHz, respectively. According to our previous experimental results which is inclusive of the threshold power and the effective input power range for Rayleigh scattering, the power of the RBS source amplified by the EDFA can be set to be 17 dBm, 10.8 dBm and 23.9 dBm to act as the new pump light for the SMF-28e, LEAF, and PMF, respectively. Attributing to the quest for improvement effect of the laser linewidth, the RBS acting as an effective mechanism employed to attain deep linewidth compression has been widely used in fiber lasers30, 31 and semiconductor lasers32, 33.

Theoretical design of micro-cavity structure

For narrow linewidth lasers, the traditional optical feedback method acting as a common mechanism is employed to narrow laser linewidth mainly by increasing the cavity length. Whereas the RBS method is solemnly based on the feedback of an excitation signal with a continuous narrowing linewidth in frequency domain which ultimately happens to be more advantageous in comparison to the aforementioned traditional method. Therefore, a quest to design a RBS device capable enough to separate and accumulate the scattering signal during the operational state of the laser is of paramount importance. Based on the SpE characteristics and law of Rayleigh scattering in ODW, we propose a theoretical model of an in fiber micro-cavity structure for a fiber laser, as shown in Fig. 5. A fiber laser with a wide-band fiber Bragg grating (WB-FBG) and a narrow-band FBG (NB-FBG) is controlled by a temperature control device to realize a stable output. The NB-FBG has a peak reflectivity of 60% and a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.2 nm, whereas that of the WB-FBG is more than 95% with a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.3 nm. Both FBGs operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm. A micro-cavity structure matching the laser output wavelength is placed at the output of the fiber laser to accumulate and feedback the RBS signal effectively. In order to stabilize the resonant wavelength of the micro-cavity to the laser wavelength, another temperature control device is required. Ultimately, a model of ultra-narrow linewidth laser with micro-cavity is obtained. Compared with conventional laser system, the in-fiber micro-cavity structure employed to effectively accumulate RBS signal can eliminate the external disturbances caused by long RBS fiber in laser system, which will facilitate the development of a portable ultra-narrow linewidth fiber laser of profound stability provided the limitations of process technology is ignored. Assuming the functional device can be obtained, and the output can be adequately controlled, this ultimately plays a vital role in the field of narrow linewidth laser. The output stability of the laser will be improved and the expected laser linewidth will be attained.

 Fig. 5 Theoretical design of micro-cavity structure based on the SpE characteristic of Rayleigh scattering in ODW.
Discussion

Based on the dynamic analysis model with a continuous narrowing linewidth, Rayleigh scattering can be employed to act as an effective mechanism to realize a weak feedback signal with continuous narrowing in the frequency domain. Provided the micro-cavity structure based on this characteristic can be realized to sufficiently accumulate feedback signals, the large structure and complexity of the narrow linewidth laser system caused by the existence of a long RBS fiber will be eliminated. Ultimately, a portable ultra-narrow linewidth laser of profound stability would be realized. From a micro perspective, provided the relationship between the photon decay rate of internal cavity field and its decoherence rate can be quantitatively determined, the accuracy of our theoretical prediction can be further improved, which will greatly enhance the feasibility of constructing a micro-cavity structure of functional device in the field of narrow linewidth lasers. In a case scenario where limitations to the scientific-technological level and technical means do not exist, the optimization of the macro-structure of the device can be combined with the micro-mechanism to construct an ameliorative functional device, which will further enhance the development of narrow linewidth laser.

Conclusion

In summary, we have investigated the SpE characteristics of Rayleigh scattering in ODW based on the quantum theory. Attributable to the continuous scattering of each scattering source during the transmission process, the spectrum linewidth of scattering filed would decrease with the increase of the transmission length, and it would weakly shrink to the short-wave direction relative to the S0(ω). According to the dissipative quantum theory, we have established a SpE-model of RBS during the continuous scattering process and simulated the evolution process of spectrum linewidth at different number of cycles. Moreover, based on the theoretical assumptions, we propose an approximate theoretical prediction for the relationship between the spectrum linewidth of the scattering field and the transmission length, which would offer the feasibility of constructing a functional device capable enough to attain linewidth compression theoretically, provided the scattering field could be separated and collected during the continuous scattering process. Ultimately, we have proposed a theoretical model of micro-cavity structure to realize a deep linewidth compression according to the SpE law of Rayleigh scattering in ODW. This theory provides a reference value and a theoretical support for the development of narrow linewidth lasers, which is also applicable in the theoretical design of micro-cavity structure of realizing the deep compression of laser linewidth.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Ministry of Science and Technology (2016YFC0801200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61635004), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (61825501). the National Key R & D Program of China (2016YFA0301500), NSFC (11434015, 61835013), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB01020300, XDB21030300).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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