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Overview: Chiral metasurfaces composed of planar chiral cell structures have negative refractive index, circular dichroism, optical rotation, asymmetric transmission, and other electromagnetic properties. With simple structure, they are easy to be miniaturized and integrated. In recent years, they have become a research hotspot in the field of optical application devices such as information, national defense, energy, super-resolved imaging, holographic display, sensing, polarizer, and switch.
The basic materials of chiral metasurfaces are metal materials, metal-dielectric mixed materials, and all dielectric materials. With the rapid development of chiral metasurfaces research, the optical properties of chiral metasurfaces have been extensively studied. However, the current chiral metadevices lack tunability, and once they are designed and manufactured, their electromagnetic properties and functions will also be fixed and cannot be used in the field of dynamically changing optoelectronics. Therefore, it is necessary to add new tunable materials such as phase-change materials (VO2, Ge2Sb1Te4), graphene, single-layer black scale, liquid crystal, semiconductors, polymers, etc. Through heat, light, electricity and other external factors to induce the change of the dielectric constant and permeability of the medium, so as to achieve the tuning effect of the electromagnetic characteristics. These new tunable materials greatly enrich the modeling of chiral metasurfaces, providing more effective methods for theoretical analysis of unique electromagnetic and optical properties, and also providing a new research platform for electromagnetism, optics, physics, and nanoscience.
In this review, we describe the research progress of several common tunable chiral metasurfaces in recent years. The first one is the negative refractive index tunable chiral metasurfaces, which experimentally show that the negative refractive index can be adjustable in wide band. The second one is the chiral metasurfaces with tunable circular dichroism and optical rotation. The dynamic regulation of internal and external chiral metasurfaces based on circular dichroism and optical rotation is introduced in detail, which can realize the functional tuning of polarization conversion, circular dichroism switch, quarter wave plate, and reflector. It is divided into phase change materials, graphene, and other tunable materials according to the tunable materials. The optical properties of phase-change materials vary only with the phase transition and have a very fast phase transition speed. Graphene has high electrical conductivity, wide band electro-optical properties, and stable chemical resistance, and the circular dichroism and optical rotation can be changed by adjusting the Fermi energy level of graphene. Finally, a tunable chiral metasurface with asymmetric transmission is introduced. Among them, the discovery of the tunable all-dielectric chiral metasurfaces provides a possibility to solve the problem of low efficiency and high loss of the metal materials, which can be applied to more fields.
(a) The wedge-shaped prism simulation structure[17]; (b) The electric field distributions of the wedge structure at two different frequencies of 0.6 THz and 1.1 THz; (c) Schematic illustration of a unit cellof the tunable NIMs[19]; (d) The negative refraction of the NIMs
(a) Schematic of graphene split ring resonator (GSRR) with biasing configuration[10]; (b) Transmission and reflection polarization response of the GSRRs for the TE normal incidence wave
(a) Schematic of the operation concept[24]; (b) The CDtran spectra for both amorphous and crystalline states under θ=φ=45°; (c) A phase transition metamaterial with actively adjustable chirality[25]; (d) Simulated and measured transmittance and CD spectra
(a) Schematic view of a planar chiral dagger-like structure with thermal control[9]; (b) Schematic view of the VO2 based metasurface[26]; (c) Simulated difference of CD of the BSR[27]
(a) Illustration of the unit cell[28]; (b) CD and OA; (c) 3D schematic view of the chiral metamaterial[29]; (d) CD spectra of the hybrid structure with different Fermi energies; (e) A schematic illustration of a graphene metasurface[33]
(a) Schematic of circularly polarized waves impinge at a film of unpatterned monolayer black phosphorus (BP) at an oblique incidence in a Cartesian coordinate system[34]; (b) Circular dichroism spectra; (c) Output CDPL as a function of the CDEXT of chiral metasurfaces; (d) Schematic diagrams indicate the manipulation of the PL polarization through the coupling to MMs without switching the CP state of the excitation[7]; (e) Schematic of the chiral metasurface[35]; (f) Simulated reflection and CD spectra of the LC-integrated plasmonic chiral metasurface at 'ON' and 'OFF' conditions
(a) Schematic view of the chiral metasurface integrated with a microfluid system[36]; (b) The CD spectrum as a function of the refractive index of the mixed solution; (c) Schematic view of the chiral metasurface[39]; (d) OC spectra of SCMM-BLT stretched along x-axis at the level of 10% with different surrounding refractive indext
(a) The graphene chiral metasurface with G-shaped holes[44]; (b) The relative enantiomeric difference in the total transmission without a substrate; (c) Schematic view of the graphene chiral metasurface[46]; (d) Circular conversion dichroism (CCD) spectra of the structure for forward and backward propagation directions; (e) The schematic diagram of the monolayer graphene-based planar chiral metasurface[47]; (f) The relation between the asymmetric transmission and the wavelength under different fermi energies
(a) Schematic diagram of a unit cell of the proposed hybrid metal-graphene metasurface[48]; (b) Asymmetric transmission parameters with different Fermi energies of graphene; (c) Three dimensional view of the metasurface array[52]; (d) CCD spectra of the structure for forward propagation directions with different values of μc; (e) Schematic diagram of the device[53]; (f) AT parameters of y-polarized (solid line) and x-polarized waves (dashed line)