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Research progress of additive manufacturing of high-performance polymers and the applications
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Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has been attracted extensive attention and developed rapidly in aerospace, optoelectronic engineering, microelectronics, and other fields due to its unique characteristic of "shape and performance control". Developing 3D printing materials is critical for the practical applications in various fields. Therefore, this article reviews the current high-performance polymeric materials for 3D printing and the advanced intelligent manufacturing technologies. It focuses on the 3D printing technologies of polymers, the high-performance polymeric materials for 3D printing, and the related applications, which can provide new directions and ideas for its research, development and application.-
Keywords:
- additive manufacturing /
- high-performance polymer /
- 3D printing
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References
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Overview
Overview: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology based on the principle of layer-by-layer manufacturing, which can be freely designed. Through point-by-point, line-by-line, and layer-by-layer manufacturing to construct complex parts such as polymers, metals, and ceramics, it is a new type of precise control of the microstructure of printing materials. Manufacturing technology, which reduces the product manufacturing cycle and cost from the design and manufacturing methods, has been rapidly developed and widely used in aerospace, optoelectronic engineering, microelectronics, and other fields. However, the 3D printed polymer complex products lack the strength and functions required by the bearing part, resulting in 3D printing technology and its polymer materials are still in the conceptual prototype and functional design stage. Therefore, this technology has limitations in the manufacturing technology and application fields of complex parts such as heat resistance and high strength. Then, high-performance 3D printing polymer materials with comprehensive properties such as high temperature resistance (> 100 ℃), high mechanical strength, high hardness, and high modulus at the top of the polymer material pyramid is developed to promote the development and application of 3D printing technology. At present, 3D printing technology can achieve complex intelligent finishing high-performance polymer materials including polyimide (PI), polyetherimide (PEI), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), High-performance epoxy, etc.
Because of their rigid molecular structure, crystallinity, and molecular weight, these high-performance polymers endow them with extremely high heat resistance, high hardness, high mechanical properties, and high modulus, which cannot achieced by traditional processing methods. 3D printing can achieve high-precision, high-complexity, lightweight and miniaturized manufacturing and application of key components. The 3D printing manufacturing technology has "controllability" and the ability to directly form high-precision complex parts in one step, and has the advantages of short molding time, simplified molding equipment, material distribution on demand, and freedom of part design in the manufacture and application of high-precision, high-complexity, miniaturization and lightweight terminal parts. In addition, how to realize the 3D printing preparation and manufacturing of ultra-high-performance polymers has always been a research hotspot in this field and a problem need to be solved. Therefore, with regard to the current polymer 3D printing and application research, this article focuses on the polymer 3D printing technology and the 3D printing research and application of various high-performance polymer materials, and the preparation and application of 3D printing high-performance polymer materials. The development has been prospected, so as to provide new directions and ideas for the research, application and development of 3D printing high-performance polymer (HPP) materials.
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of additive manufacturing technology. (a) Fused deposition modeling (FDM)[12]; (b) Direct ink writing (DIW)[17]; (c) Stereo lithography (SLA)[23]; (d) Digital light processing technology (DLP)[23]; (e) Continuous liquid interface production technology (CLIP)[25]; (f) Selective laser sintering (SLS)[12]
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Figure 2.
(a) FFF printing and manufacturing mechanism of PEEK microporous lattice scaffold[30]; (b) pH triggers the 3D printing manufacturing mechanism of the bone-promoting 3P-Ag-AP-PEEK scaffold[31]; (c) 3D printing to manufacture implantable bones with different crystallinity[33]; (d) Improve the PEEK parts formed by the high temperature FDM 3D printing system[34]
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Figure 3.
(a) The oil filter is printed by stereo lithography (SLA) technology and thermally cured at 300 ℃ [37]; (b) DIW technology has produced complex truss structures including PAA salt solution[39-40]
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Figure 4.
(a) Schematic diagram of UV-assisted DIW 3D printing BMI resin[45]; (b) Inkjet 3D printing low viscosity BMI complex structure display[46]
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Figure 5.
(a) Piezoresistive strain sensor and wearable finger protection sensor[49]; (b) DLP printing PU composite parts with different shapes[50]; (c) Schematic diagram of 3D printed cork particle reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites[51]
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Figure 6.
(a) Schematic diagram of a rectangular sample printed with direct ink and optical micrographs of the horizontally flexed sample printed with a 12.5% by weight nanoclay ink formulation[53]; (b) 3D printing of GO reinforced polymer and compression test of its parts[54]; (c) Schematic diagram of UV-3D printing equipment and its printed sample structure[60]
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Figure 7.
(a) Schematic diagram of the molecular structure and printing process of PTFE ink[63]; (b) Schematic diagram of 3D printing process and the printed PTFE microstructure image[64]
