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Li T F, Ba D X, Zhou D W, et al. Recent progress in optical fiber sensing based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2022, 49(9): 220021. doi: 10.12086/oee.2022.220021
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Recent progress in optical fiber sensing based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering
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Abstract
Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (F-SBS), a 3-order nonlinear effect in optical fibers, has become the hotspot in recent years, due to its great potential in substance identification, and fiber diameter measurement, etc. Through research and analysis of the progress of F-SBS, the main principle and key techniques are generalized in this paper. Distributed sensing schemes based on local light phase recovery, opto-mechanical time-domain reflectometry, and opto-mechanical time-domain analysis are emphatically introduced here. With the gradual practical application of F-SBS, the demand for distributed measurement of F-SBS with high precision and high spatial resolution becomes more and more significant, which will be the main research direction of F-SBS in optical fibers in the future. -
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References
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Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019. [49] Ba D X, Hua Z J, Li Y J, et al. Polarization separation assisted optomechanical time-domain analysis with submeter resolution[J]. Opt Lett, 2021, 46(23): 5886−5889. doi: 10.1364/OL.445142 -
Overview
The Brillouin optical fiber sensors have been well developed in the past decades, due to their capabilities of distributed sensing. With the introduction of new sensing mechanisms, the physical quantity can be measured by distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensors gradually increase. Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (F-SBS) is one of the most typical representations of these new mechanisms, which allows unmarked substance identification with non-structures additional. The sensors based on F-SBS are expected to be used in pollution monitoring, chemical reaction monitoring, biomedical probes, and optical fiber manufacturing. The F-SBS sensors are promising methods for these and other applications which need high accuracy, and unmarked substance identification, and the distributed F-SBS sensors with the high spatial resolution are considered to greatly potential in the future.
In the micron-sized symmetrical shapes, just like optical fiber, acoustic waves can be transmitted in cross-sections, reflected on the boundary, and with resonant frequencies ranging from megahertz (MHz) to gigahertz (GHz). It is called the transverse acoustic wave (TAW). TAW hardly transmits in the axial direction. When stimulated by intense optical waves propagating in the fiber core through electro-strictive, TAW can be considered moving with the same speed as an optical wave at the axial direction, so that a phase modulation (PM) caused by TAW can be loaded on co-propagating light, and F-SBS occurred. The lifetime of TAW will be extended to several microseconds when the optical fiber is placed in the air, without coating, and hundreds of nanoseconds in the liquids, which have a strict relationship with the acoustic impedance of the outside substance. By demodulated F-SBS induced PM, TAW can be recovered, which can be used to get the acoustic impedance of the outside substance. What’s more, the resonance frequency of the TAW is related to the diameter of the fiber, which allows an optical fiber diameter measurement method with high accuracy.
Distributed F-SBS sensors are considered as powerful tools on substance identification and optical fiber quality inspection, which means high accuracy and spatial resolution are necessary. In 2018, the distributed F-SBS sensor based on local light phase recovery is proposed, and measured F-SBS via phase demodulation, with a 30 m spatial resolution on a 730 m optical fiber. In the same year, opto-mechanical time-domain reflectometry based on measurement of energy transferring is proposed, which has 100 m spatial resolution on 3 km fiber. In 2020, the team proposed opto-mechanical time-domain analysis (OMTDA), a 2 m spatial resolution on a 225 m fiber was achieved, and in 2021, polarization separate assisted OMTDA was proposed, with a spatial resolution of 0.8 m. The performance of distributed F-SBS sensors is ameliorated rapidly these few years.
In summary, the basic principle, sensing scheme, and performance of F-SBS optical fiber sensors are introduced in this paper. With the F-SBS sensor applied in practice, increasing demand for high accuracy, and high spatial resolution emerges, which we believe will be dominant in the research of substance identification sensors in the future.
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Li T F, Ba D X, Zhou D W, et al. Recent progress in optical fiber sensing based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2022, 49(9): 220021. doi: 10.12086/oee.2022.220021
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Figure 1.
Phase matching. (a) Backward stimulated Brillouin scattering; (b) Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering
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Figure 2.
Dispersion relation of R0,m-induced F-SBS. The bule solid lines represented the dispersion curve of acoustic waves, and the red one represented which of light wave. The shade of blue lines means the intensity of F-SBS.
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Figure 3.
Transverse displacement profiles. (a) Radial mode R0,5; (b) Torsional-radial mode TR2,5
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Figure 4.
Spectrum of R0,m modes induced F-SBS
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Figure 5.
The schematic diagram of acoustic impedance sensing
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Figure 6.
SI used to measure F-SBS
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Figure 7.
The experimental set-up of F-SBS measurement based on SI. The excitation and probe light are separated by their different wavelengths[39]
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Figure 8.
F-SBS in multi-core fiber. (a), (b) Transverse displacement profiles of modes R0,7 and R0,8; (c), (d) F-SBS spectrums measured in the inner core and outer core. The excitation light propagates in the inner core[43]
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Figure 9.
F-SBS in polarization maintaining fiber. (a) Experimental set-up; (b) Measured F-SBS spectrums. The red trace is measured when the excitation light propagating in the fast axis, and probe in the slow axis; The black trace is measured in the opposite situation[41]
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Figure 10.
F-SBS demodulation by LPG. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Experimental set-up[45]
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Figure 11.
Distributed F-SBS sensor based on local light phase recovery. The excitation and probe pulses are not only separated by wavelength, but also by time[36]
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Figure 12.
Distributed F-SBS sensor based on local light phase recovery. (a) Distributed light intensity of 0, +1 and +2-order sidebands; (b) Phase accumulation along the fiber; (c) Distributed phase shift demodulated by differentiation; (d)~(f) Distributed F-SBS spectrums measured when the fiber under test placed in air, ethanol, and water[36]
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Figure 13.
Principle of OMTDR. The energy transferred between the dual-frequency components of the pulses, and their Rayleigh scattering lights are used to demodulation[47]
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Figure 14.
Distributed sensing results of OMTDR. (a)~(c) are the distributed F-SBS spectrums measured when the fiber under test placed in air, ethanol, and water[47]
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Figure 15.
Schematic diagram of OMTDA[35]
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Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of the fiber under test[48]
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Figure 17.
Distributed results of OMTDA. (a) The energy transfer process along the fiber; (b) Distributed F-SBS gain spectrum[48]
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Figure 18.
Results of acoustic impedance sensing. (a) The linewidth of spectrums along the fiber; (b) F-SBS spectrums measured in air and ethanol[48]
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Figure 19.
Results of distributed diameter measurements[12]. (a) Diameter distribution before and after etching and its comparison with the SEM results (A-F); (b) Diameter variations along the FUT; (c) Representative images of the fiber cross section at A, B, C and E captured by SEM
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Figure 20.
(a) Experimental setup for polarization separation assisted OMTDA; (b) Temporal trace and frequency components of activation and probing pulses[49]
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