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Li S, Wang B W, Guan H T, et al. Far-field computational optical imaging techniques based on synthetic aperture: a review[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(10): 230090. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230090
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Far-field computational optical imaging techniques based on synthetic aperture: a review
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Abstract
Conventional optical imaging is essentially a process of recording and reproducing the intensity signal of a scene in the spatial dimension with direct uniform sampling. Therefore, the resolution and information content of imaging are inevitably constrained by several physical limitations, such as optical diffraction limit and spatial bandwidth product of the imaging system. How to break these physical limitations and obtain higher resolution and broader image field of view has been an eternal topic in this field. Computational optical imaging, by combining front-end optical modulation with back-end signal processing, offers a new approach to surpassing the diffraction limit of imaging systems and realizing super-resolution imaging. In this paper, we introduce the relevant research efforts on improving imaging resolution and expanding the spatial bandwidth product through computational optical synthetic aperture imaging, including the basic theory and technologies based on coherent active synthetic aperture imaging and incoherent passive synthetic aperture imaging. Furthermore, this paper reveals the pressing demand for "incoherent, passive, and beyond-diffraction-limit" imaging, identifies the bottlenecks, and provides an outlook on future research directions and potential technical approaches to address these challenges. -
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References
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Overview
More than 80% of human perception of external information comes from vision, and acquiring more information about the objective world is the eternal goal of human pursuit. Conventional optical imaging is essentially a process of recording and reproducing the intensity signal of a scene in the spatial dimension with direct uniform sampling. Therefore, the resolution and information content of imaging are inevitably constrained by several physical limitations such as optical diffraction limit, and spatial bandwidth product of the imaging system. How to break these physical limitations and obtain higher resolution and broader image field of view has been an eternal topic in this field. Computational optical imaging, by combining front-end optical modulation with back-end signal processing, offers a new approach to surpassing the diffraction limit of imaging systems and realizing super-resolution imaging. Although synthetic aperture techniques first exploited the idea of computational optical imaging to achieve resolution enhancement, they have never been encapsulated as a system in computational optical imaging. In this paper, we introduce the relevant research efforts on improving imaging resolution and expanding the spatial bandwidth product through computational optical synthetic aperture imaging, including the basic theory and technologies based on coherent active synthetic aperture imaging and incoherent passive synthetic aperture imaging. Furthermore, this paper reveals the pressing demand for "incoherent, passive, and beyond-diffraction-limit" imaging, identifies the bottlenecks, and provides an outlook on future research directions and potential technical approaches to address these challenges. The rapidly advancing computational imaging technology has provided new ideas, methods, and theories for far-field synthetic aperture detection. It significantly enhances the imaging efficiency of traditional synthetic aperture techniques and reduces excessive reliance on "interferometric phase acquisition" in synthetic aperture technology. It breaks through the functional/performance boundaries that traditional synthetic aperture technology can achieve and provides possibilities for extensive expansion and extension in the field of far-field synthetic aperture. Within the current computational imaging system, there are still a series of new concepts and new imaging techniques that are being perfected. It can be anticipated that as a branch of computational imaging, far-field optical synthetic aperture detection technology will undoubtedly experience rapid development and bring forth more possibilities in remote sensing, military reconnaissance, and near-Earth satellite detection, among other fields.
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Li S, Wang B W, Guan H T, et al. Far-field computational optical imaging techniques based on synthetic aperture: a review[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(10): 230090. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230090
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Figure 1.
Conventional optical imaging system. (a) Conventional optical imaging process[2]; (b) The contradictory relationship between resolution, cost, and weight of different optical imaging systems in far-field detection[9]
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Figure 2.
(a) Michelson stellar interferometer; (b) Schematic diagram of stellar light interference; (c) Very large array (VLA) in New Mexico, USA[12]; (d) Global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI)
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Figure 3.
Imaging process of the computational optical imaging system[2]
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Figure 4.
Classification and development of synthetic aperture technique in the far-field detection
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Figure 5.
Tippie's system schematic for obtaining 200-megapixel synthetic aperture digital holographic result from camera scanning and the quantitative enhancement effect of USAF resolution chart [21]
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Figure 6.
Synthetic aperture lidar achieves azimuthal resolution enhancement by aperture synthesis with coherent illumination
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Figure 7.
Fourier ptychographic microscopy imaging system and experimental results of USAF resolution chart [32]
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Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of the camera array Fourier ptychography imaging[37]. (a) The single aperture imaging scheme with a size of 12.5 mm; (b) The scheme to achieve 125 mm synthetic aperture imaging results using the camera array; (c) The imaging scheme in (b) using the aperture scanning to obtain effective high-resolution imaging results
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Figure 9.
Synthetic apertures for long-range and subdiffraction-limited visible imaging using Fourier ptychography[39]. (a) Imaging schematic; (b) Structural diagram of the system at 1 m imaging distance
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Figure 10.
FP for improving spatial resolution in diffuse objects[39]. (a) Resolution of a USAF target under coherent light under various imaging modalities; (b) Magnified regions of various bar groups recovered by the five techniques; (c) Contrast of the bars as a function of feature size; (d) Speckle size and resolution loss are inversely proportional to the size of the imaging aperture
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Figure 11.
Schematic diagram of the positioning errors present on the LED array in the Fourier ptychographic microscopy system [42]. (a) Errors in the X-Y plane; (b) Pose misalignment due to the angular offset of the LED array
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Figure 12.
Schematic diagram of the macroscopic Fourier ptychography imaging system based on TV regularization [47]
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Figure 13.
Constructed vehicle dynamic pursuit imaging results[48]. (a) Comparison of imaging results; (b, c) Comparison of magnified details; (d, e) Comparison of PSNR and SSIM as well as comparison of two car displacements
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Figure 14.
12 m far-field imaging experiments based on quasi-plane wave. (a) Experimental setup of the R-FP system; (b) The poker card scenario as the detection target; (c) Partial area enlargement of the R-FP system and low-resolution image capture; (d) Raw image of target by the sub-aperture and corresponding line profile; (e) The result of cumulative averaging method and corresponding line profile; (f) Reconstruction result of R-FP with TV regularization and corresponding line profile
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Figure 15.
Typical structure of incoherent synthetic aperture
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Figure 16.
Synthetic aperture of Fizeau interferometer. (a) Multi-mirror telescope (MMT); (b) Schematic diagram of the MMT[57]; (c) James Webb space telescope (JWST); (d) Schematic diagram of the JWST[59]
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Figure 17.
Very large telescope interferometer (vlti) of the european southern observatory (ESO)[67-68]
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Figure 18.
(a) Primitive SPIDER conceptual model and decomposition diagram; (b) Schematic diagram of the internal structure of the PIC[70]
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Figure 19.
(a) Hierarchical multistage lens array with non-uniform hierarchical multistage lens array[72-73] ; (b) Hexagonal array structure and its 3D structure model[74]; (c) Equally spaced concentric ring arrangement of the lens array and its baseline pairing method[75]
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Figure 20.
(a) Internal structure design and experimental verification platform of the first-generation PIC [80-82]; (b) Three-layer structure and experimental verification platform adopted by the second-generation PIC[83-85]
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Figure 21.
(a) Schematic diagram of synthetic aperture imaging by SAFE technique; (b) Optical path of synthetic aperture imaging by OCTISAI technique[88]
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Figure 22.
(a) Schematic diagram of the principle of aperture synthesis based on autocorrelation detection; (b) Synthetic aperture imaging optical path based on autocorrelation detection; (c, d) Reconstruction results before and after aperture synthesis and detail comparison[91]
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