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Zhu Q, Tian H W, Jiang W X. Manipulations and applications of radiating waves using electromagnetic metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230115. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230115
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Manipulations and applications of radiating waves using electromagnetic metasurfaces
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Abstract
Electromagnetic metamaterials are composed of sub-wavelength artificial unit cells with periodic and aperiodic arrangements, which can achieve peculiar properties that natural materials do not have. As the two-dimensional metamaterials, metasurfaces have the advantages of low profile, easy integration and low cost. With the introduction of active elements, sensing elements and intelligent algorithms, metasurfaces further realize real-time programmable and intelligent control of electromagnetic waves. At present, most electromagnetic metasurfaces researches are devoted to the manipulation of reflecting waves and transmitting waves. In fact, electromagnetic metasurfaces also have the strong regulation ability for radiating waves. This paper will introduce the research progress of metasurfaces in regulating the amplitude, phase, polarization of radiating waves systematically. Based on the integration of metasurfaces and feeds and the regulation principle of metasurfaces on radiating electromagnetic waves, this paper focuses on folded array metasurfaces, Fabry-Perot metasurfaces, leaky wave metasurfaces and radiation-type metasurfaces, corresponding to space wave feeding, surface wave feeding, gap coupling feeding, coaxial feeding. The regulation mechanism and applications of these four types of metasurfaces on radiating waves are introduced from the perspectives of passive and active. Finally, the future research directions of electromagnetic metasurfaces in regulating radiating waves are prospected. -
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References
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Overview
Metamaterials are composed of basic electromagnetic unit cells with sub-wavelength size. Different from natural materials, the properties of metamaterials depend mainly on the structure and arrangement of electromagnetic unit cells. This characteristic can be used to flexibly design metamaterials with unique properties such as negative permittivity, negative permeability, and negative refractive index. As the two-dimensional form of metamaterials, metasurfaces utilize the abrupt phase/amplitude generated by the sudden change of electromagnetic waves on the interface of metasurface to achieve the free control of the incident electromagnetic waves, thus having the advantages of easy design, low profile, and low loss. In recent years, the manipulation of electromagnetic waves by metasurfaces has been widely studied and applied by researchers, such as holographic imaging, radar cross section reduction, polarization conversion, absorption, etc. In practical application scenarios, such as wireless communication, broadband absorption, electromagnetic stealth, etc., metasurfaces are often required to have the ability to dynamically adjust electromagnetic waves, and achieve various functions according to specific working frequency, powers, and polarizations of incident waves. Based on such requirements, researchers have achieved dynamic regulation of metasurfaces by loading active elements on metasurfaces. Active metasurfaces can control the state of active elements through the feeding layer to achieve different phase coverage and amplitude regulation, so that metasurfaces can achieve dynamic switching between multiple functions, improve the ability to modulate electromagnetic waves, and promote the in-depth application and development of the metasurfaces in various fields. In the above work, metasurfaces mainly achieve various electromagnetic functions by regulating reflecting and transmitting waves, metasurface itself is only used as a secondary feed, and additional primary feed is needed, which not only produces overflow loss and edge attenuation, but also leads to increase in the overall profile of the system and decrease in the integration. In fact, electromagnetic metasurfaces also have the strong regulation ability for radiating waves. The feed-integrated metasurfaces solve the above problems due to its ingenious design ideas. Based on the integration of metasurfaces and feeds and the regulation principle of metasurfaces on radiating electromagnetic waves, this paper systematically introduces various types of metasurfaces and their related applications for the direct control of radiating waves from passive to active aspects, such as folded reflectarray/transmitarray metasurfaces, Fabry-Perot metasurfaces, leaky wave metasurfaces and radiation-type metasurfaces, corresponding to air feeding, surface wave feeding, gap coupling feeding, coaxial feeding. The related works of these types of feed-integrated metasurfaces are systematically introduced. Finally, the related researches in this field are summarized and prospected.
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Zhu Q, Tian H W, Jiang W X. Manipulations and applications of radiating waves using electromagnetic metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230115. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230115
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Figure 1.
Passive folded reflectarray metasurface prototype. (a) RCS reduction for CP wave[38]; (b) RCS reduction for LP wave[39]; (c) OAM beam generator[40]; (d) Airy beam generator[41]
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Figure 2.
Passive folded transmitarray metasurface. (a) Circularly-polarized folded transmitarray metasurface[42]; (b) Ⅱ-type folded transmitarray metasurface prototype[46]
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Figure 3.
Active folded metasurface. (a) Programmable folded metasurface for beam scanning[48]; (b) Measured radiation pattern; (c) Active folded metasurface for OAM beam generation[49]; (d) Near-field amplitude and phase distribution for l=+2; (e) Active folded metasurface for beam steering[50]; (f) Simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns
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Figure 4.
Passive F-P metasurface. (a) Low-scattering F-P coding metasurface[51]; (b) F-P metasurface for RCS reduction[52]; (c) F-P metasurface for 2D holographic imaging[53]; (d) F-P metasurface for dual circularly polarized radiation[54]
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Figure 5.
Active F-P metasurface. (a) Frequency reconfigurable F-P metasurface[55]; (b) Dual-band reconfigurable F-P metasurface[56]; (c) F-P metasurface for in-band RCS reduction[57]; (d) Reconfigurable scattering patterns F-P metasurface[58]
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Figure 6.
Passive leaky-wave metasurface. (a) Wide-angle uniform leaky-wave metasurface[59]; (b) Multilayer uniform leaky-wave metasurface[60]; (c) Dual-functional holographic metasurface[66]; (d) Multiplexing tensor holographic metasurface[67]
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Figure 7.
Active leaky-wave metasurface. (a) Sideband-free leaky-wave metasurface[68]; (b) Fundamental-frequency beam scanning; (c) Multi-harmonic independent control; (d) Dynamic near-field focusing holographic metasurface[69]; (e) Dynamic beam holographic metasurface[70]
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Figure 8.
Passive radiation-type metasurface. (a) Integrated coding-metasurface[75]; (b) Phase- and polarization-modulated radiation-type metasurface[76]; (c) Amplitude-, phase- and polarization-modulated radiation-type metasurface[77]; (d) Complex-amplitude modulated radiation-type metasurface[79]
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Figure 9.
Active radiation-type metasurface. (a) Programmable radiation-type metasurface[80]; (b) Radiations and reflections integrated metasurface[81]
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