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Hou Y H, Liu B, Liu Y, Zhou Y H, Song T T, Zhou Q et al. Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 180028 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.180028
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Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated
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Abstract
One of the bottleneck issues for commercial scale-up of Ti additive manufacturing lies in high cost of raw material, i.e. the spherical Ti powder that is often made by gas atomization. In this study, we address this significant issue by way of powder modification & ball milling processing, which shows that it is possible to produce printable Ti powders based on ultra-low cost, originally unprintable hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) Ti powder. It is also presented that the as-printed Ti using the modified powder exhibits outstanding mechanical properties, showing a combination of excellent fracture strength (~895 MPa) and high ductility (~19.0% elongation). -
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References
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Hou Y H, Liu B, Liu Y, Zhou Y H, Song T T, Zhou Q et al. Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 180028 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.180028
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Figure 1.
SEM images of the various HDH-Ti powders modified by the ball milling processing using different parameters.
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Figure 2.
(a) SEM-SE image of unmodified HDH-Ti powder. (b) SEM-SE image of the modified HDH-Ti powder which shows near spherical morphology. (c) The powder spread record for the unmodified HDH-Ti powder (fails to spread onto substrate). (d) The powder spread record for the modified HDH-Ti powder (which is printable). (e) Particle size distribution before and after powder modification. (f) XRD results for the powders before and after powder modification.
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Figure 3.
Powder morphology variation using different amount of PCA, (a) 0 wt.%, (b) 1 wt.% and (c) 0.2 wt.%, and (d) schematic graph to show the effect of PCA on the powder modification. The original TiO2 film on top of powder surface may get resolved into Ti matrix during SLM process.
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Figure 4.
(a) XRD patterns for the as-printed Ti using modified powder and spherical powder. (b) SEM-SE image of the as-printed Ti using the modified powder; figure inset is a TEM-BF image. (c) EBSD result for the modified CP-Ti powder. (d) EBSD result for the as-purchased CP-Ti powder. (e) Tensile test of the as-printed Ti using the modified powder, with a comparative curve based on the commercial spherical Ti powder. (f) Fractography of the as-printed Ti using the modified powder, where inclusion can be occasionally found as the one marked out. (g) 3D APT results showing the oxygen distribution across the tip sample. (h) and (i) The corresponding concentration profiles of oxygen and Fe, and (j) schematic graph of part of a Ti-Fe binary phase diagram.
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Figure 5.
(a) Comparison of the prices of a variety of Ti materials highlighting the ultralow cost Ti powder developed in this study. (b) Comparison of the mechanical properties among some typical Ti materials. (c) The Brinell hardness of the as-printed CP-Ti using commercial, spherical powder and modified powder; the latter shows better hardness due to enlarged concentration of N, O and Fe.
