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Sun Q, Yu H, Ueno K, Zu S, Matsuo Y et al. Revealing the plasmon coupling in gold nanochains directly from the near field. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 180030 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.180030
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Original Article Open Access
Revealing the plasmon coupling in gold nanochains directly from the near field
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Abstract
We studied the near-field properties of localized surface plasmon resonances in finite linear gold nanochains using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). The localization of the electromagnetic field in the near-field region was mapped at high spatial resolution. By tuning the excitation laser wavelength, we can obtain the near-field spectra, from which the energy splitting between longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) plasmon modes can be revealed. In particular, the L-mode red shifts and the T-mode blue shifts with increasing chain length. The red shift of the L-mode is highly dependent on the gap distance. In contrast, the T-mode almost remains constant within the range of gap distance we investigated. This energy splitting between the L-mode and the T-mode of metallic chains is in agreement with previous far-field measurements, where it was explained by dipole-dipole near-field coupling. Here, we provide direct proof of this near-field plasmon coupling in nanochains via the above-described near-field measurements using PEEM. In addition, we explore the energy transport along the gold nanochains under excitation at oblique illumination via PEEM measurements together with numerical simulations. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Revealing the plasmon coupling in gold nanochains directly from the near field 
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Sun Q, Yu H, Ueno K, Zu S, Matsuo Y et al. Revealing the plasmon coupling in gold nanochains directly from the near field. Opto-Electron Adv 2, 180030 (2019). doi: 10.29026/oea.2019.180030
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Figure 1.
(a) SEM image of an array of Au nanochains on a Nb-doped TiO2 substrate. (b, c) SEM images of nanochains with different chain lengths (b) and gap distances (c), respectively. (d, e) Plots of the L-mode and T-mode surface plasmon resonance peak wavelengths as a function of the chain length (d) and the gap size (e).
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Figure 2.
(a) Sketch map of the light illumination for the PEEM measurements. (b) SEM image of an Au nanochain with the designed gap size of 100 nm; PEEM images of the Au nanochain under different irradiation conditions: (c) mercury lamp, (d) mercury lamp and femtosecond laser pulses, and (e) femtosecond laser pulses. The dashed lines indicate the positions of the hot spots. The in-plane wave vector k// and polarization E// for the incident laser pulses are indicated in (e).
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Figure 3.
Near-field spectra of nanochains with a fixed gap distance of 10 nm but with three different chain lengths for (a) L-mode and (b) T-mode surface plasmons. (c, d) near-field spectra of nanochains with fixed chain length (N=7) but three different gap distances for L-mode and T-mode surface plasmons, respectively. (e, f) Summary of the dependence of both plasmon resonance peak wavelength on the chain length (e) and gap distance (f). The error bars in (e) and (f) are mainly ±10 nm, which is mainly resulted from the wavelength scan step of 10 nm. The origin of such measurement errors can account for the observed difference in peak wavelength between the L-mode and T-mode for a chain length 1 in (e).
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Figure 4.
PEEM images of Au nanochains with different gap distances: (a) 30 nm and (b) 100 nm. The outlines of the nanochains are indicated by dotted lines. (c) 3-D surface plot of the photoemission intensity from one nanochain with the gap distance of 30 nm, A SEM image (bottom) and its corresponding 3-D surface plot (above the SEM image) are also presented to help indicate the location of the hotspots. The in-plane wave vector k// and polarization E// for the incident laser pulses are indicated in (a).
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Figure 5.
FDTD simulations of the (a, c) electric field distribution and (b, d) surface charge distribution for two nanochains with different gap distances: 30 nm (a, b) and 100 nm (c, d). The inset shows a sketch of the light irradiation (the blue and red arrows present the polarization and the wavelength vector of the incident light, respectively).
