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Review Open Access
Flexible SERS substrates for hazardous materials detection: recent advances
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Abstract
This article reviews the most recent advances in the development of flexible substrates used as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms for detecting several hazardous materials (e.g., explosives, pesticides, drugs, and dyes). Different flexible platforms such as papers/filter papers, fabrics, polymer nanofibers, and cellulose fibers have been investigated over the last few years and their SERS efficacies have been evaluated. We start with an introduction of the importance of hazardous materials trace detection followed by a summary of different SERS methodologies with particular attention on flexible substrates and their advantages over the nanostructures and nanoparticle-based solid/hybrid substrates. The potential of flexible SERS substrates, in conjunction with a simple portable Raman spectrometer, is the power to enable practical/on-field/point of interest applications primarily because of their low-cost and easy sampling. -
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References
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Figure 1.
A schematic depicting the various parameters influencing the SERS signal.
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Figure 2.
The ideal requirements of SERS substrates are summarized in this schematic.
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Figure 3.
Year wise publications on flexible SERS substrates obtained through a search in SCOPUS.
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Figure 4.
Explosive trace detection using flexible SERS substrates detection of TNT, RDX, and PETN using self-assembly triangular nanoprisms on adhesive tape. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.58, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 5.
Various fabrication techniques used for paper-based SERS substrates. (a) Vapor deposition. (b) Inkjet printing. (c) Dipping. (d) Pen-on-paper. (e) Drop-casting on hydrophilic wells. (f) Self assembling. (g) In-situ reduction. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.77, (b) ref.72, The Royal Society of Chemistry; ref.71, American Chemical Society; (d) ref.73, John Wiley and Sons; (e) ref.80, Springer Nature; (f) ref.84, (g) ref.79, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 6.
Filter paper based SERS substrate by aggregated Ag/Au NPs for explosive molecule detection (Left side) (a) schematic of substrate preparation (b) and (c) FESEM images of bare filter and aggregated Ag NPs (Right side) SERS spectra of (a) PA (b) DNT (c) NTO using FP with optimized aggregated Ag NPs. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.94, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 7.
(a) A schematic of the synthesis of dual-functional PDMS-assisted paper-based SERS platform. (b) (i) The photograph of a sample collection from orange surface. (ii) A comparison of SERS spectra of CV with and without PDMS. (iii) SERS spectra of different concentrations of thiram (0.5−50 ppm). (iv) The peak intensity at 1380 cm−1 of thiram in orange juice as a function of the spiked sample concentration. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.95, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 8.
Fabrication of flexible SERS substrates for Ag@T-A@SiO2-Au nanofibrous substrates. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.100, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Figure 9.
(a) Reflectance spectra of the ASFPAN nanofibrous membranes with Ag NPs; Photographs of three nanofibrous membranes (PAN, ASFPAN, and ASFPAN-Ag NPs) are shown in the inset. (b) SEM image and (c) TEM image of ASFPAN nanofibers (3 min). Inset in (c) shows the size distribution of Ag NPs.107, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 10.
(a) Schematic diagram representing the fabrication process of Au covered polymer nanostructure arrays using roll-to-roll ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (R2R UV-NIL) technique (b) and (c) SERS spectra of R6G from 30 nm Au coating flexible substrate at different bending angles and bending cycles, respectively. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.114, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Figure 11.
(a) Schematic of flexible non-woven fabric based substrate and the (b) SERS spectra of carbyl on apples, oranges, and bananas surfaces. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.129, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
