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Chu ZT, Cai XQ, Zhu RC et al. Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240045 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240045
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Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states
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Abstract
Reprogrammable metasurfaces, which establish a fascinating bridge between physical and information domains, can dynamically control electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time and thus have attracted great attentions from researchers around the world. To control EM waves with an arbitrary polarization state, it is desirable that a complete set of basis states be controlled independently since incident EM waves with an arbitrary polarization state can be decomposed as a linear sum of these basis states. In this work, we present the concept of complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface (CBR-CM) in reflective manners, which can achieve independently dynamic controls over the reflection phases while maintaining the same amplitude for left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) waves and right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) waves. Since LCP and RCP waves together constitute a complete basis set of planar EM waves, dynamically-controlled holograms can be generated under arbitrarily polarized wave incidence. The dynamically reconfigurable meta-particle is implemented to demonstrate the CBR-CM’s robust capability of controlling the longitudinal and transverse positions of holograms under LCP and RCP waves independently. It’s expected that the proposed CBR-CM opens up ways of realizing more sophisticated and advanced devices with multiple independent information channels, which may provide technical assistance for digital EM environment reproduction. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states 
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Chu ZT, Cai XQ, Zhu RC et al. Complete-basis-reprogrammable coding metasurface for generating dynamically-controlled holograms under arbitrary polarization states. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240045 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240045
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Figure 1.
Schematic illumination of the CBR-CM. The CBR-CM is constructed via symmetrically incorporating PIN diodes into an elaborately designed metasurface structure, and these diodes are controlled by multi-channel bias voltages provided by a FPGA-based control circuit connected to real-time holographic processing system. As illustrated examples, by arranging specific LCP and RCP 1-bit coding sequences, dynamic meta-holograms with identical focal length, variable focal length, switchable spatial pixels, and against arbitrary polarization state are successively demonstrated.
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Figure 2.
Geometric configuration and EM responses of the dynamically reconfigurable meta-particle. (a) Perspective view of the proposed meta-particle. (b) Vertical and layered schematic of the proposed meta-particle. (c) The equivalent circuit models of the PIN diodes in the “ON” and “OFF” states. (d) Simulated surface current distributions on the proposed meta-particle of state “11/10” and “01/00” under LCP incidence at 10 GHz. (e) Simulated surface current distributions on the proposed meta-particle of state “11/01” and “10/00” under RCP incidence at 10 GHz. (f, g) Simulated co-polarized reflection amplitude and phase responses of the proposed meta-particle with coding states of “11”, “10”, “01”, and “00” under orthogonal CP normal incidence.
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Figure 3.
Directional generation of meta-holograms with identical and variable focal length. (a) The target monochrome image of the letter “C” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of LCP waves. (b) The target monochrome image of the letter “D” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of RCP waves. (c) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component utilizing coding pattern in a in Lr-Li channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (d) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component utilizing coding pattern in b in Rr-Ri channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (e) The target monochrome image of the letter “L” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of LCP waves. (f) The target monochrome image of the letter “R” and corresponding phase coding patterns under the normal incidence of RCP waves. (g) Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component utilizing coding pattern in e in Lr-Li channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. h Numerically simulated and experimentally measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component utilizing coding pattern in f in Rr-Ri channel on the x-y plane cutting at z=150 mm. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
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Figure 4.
Multifunctional customization of meta-holograms with switchable spatial pixels. (a) The target monochrome image of the letter “S” and scanning trajectory of LCP and RCP spatial pixels under the normal incidence of orthogonal CP waves. (b) Four groups of sequentially and synchronously switched spatial pixels (σ-,1, σ+,1), (σ-,2, σ+,2), (σ-,3, σ+,3) and (σ-,4, σ+,4) distributions in Lr-Li and Rr-Ri channels, respectively. The subscript “-” and “+” represent the LCP and RCP reflection channels. (c–f) The target monochrome image and phase coding patterns of spatial pixel σ-,1, σ-,2, σ-,3, and σ-,4. (g–j) The corresponding simulated and measured normalized electric field intensity of LCP component on the x-y plane cutting at z=100 mm. (k–n) The target monochrome image and phase coding patterns of spatial pixel σ+,1, σ+,2, σ+,3, and σ+,4. (o–r) The corresponding simulated and measured normalized electric field intensity of RCP component on the x–y plane cutting at z=100 mm. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
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Figure 5.
Cyclic evolution of meta-holograms against arbitrary polarization states on Poincaré sphere. (a) The target monochrome image of the symbol “+” and corresponding phase coding patterns of LCP basis vector and RCP basis vector. (b) schematic of eight typical SOPs on Poincaré sphere. The numerically simulated and experimentally measured amplitude and phase profiles of normalized electric field of LCP and RCP components under the normal incidence of (c) LP-0° (linear polarized vibrating along 0° angle with respect to horizontal axis), (d) LP-90°, (e) LP-45°, (f) LP-135°, (g) LCP, (h) RCP waves, (i) ELCP (elliptical left-handed circularly polarized), and (j) ERCP (elliptical right-handed circularly polarized) waves. All of the results are simulated and measured at frequency of 10 GHz.
