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im Sande S, Deng YD, Bozhevolnyi SI et al. Spin-controlled generation of a complete polarization set with randomly-interleaved plasmonic metasurfaces. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240076 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240076
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Spin-controlled generation of a complete polarization set with randomly-interleaved plasmonic metasurfaces
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Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, comprising subwavelength quasi-planar nanostructures, constitute a universal platform for manipulating the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light, thus paving a way for the next generation of highly integrated multifunctional optical devices. In this work, we introduce a reflective metasurface for the generation of a complete (angularly resolved) polarization set by randomly interleaving anisotropic plasmonic meta-atoms acting as nanoscale wave plates. In the proof-of-concept demonstration, we achieve multidirectional beam-steering into different polarization channels forming a complete set of polarization states, which can also be dynamically altered by switching the spin of incident light. The developed design concept represents a significant advancement in achieving flat polarization optics with advanced functionalities. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Spin-controlled generation of a complete polarization set with randomly-interleaved plasmonic metasurfaces 
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im Sande S, Deng YD, Bozhevolnyi SI et al. Spin-controlled generation of a complete polarization set with randomly-interleaved plasmonic metasurfaces. Opto-Electron Adv 7, 240076 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oea.2024.240076
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Figure 1.
Conceptualization of the plasmonic metasurface for generating a complete polarization set. (a) Illustration of the Au-SiO2-Au metasurface that reflects and additionally splits a CP incident beam into six spatially separated channels, each featuring a specific polarization state. The polarization states change to their orthogonal counterparts when the spin of the incident light is reversed. The RCP incidence generates spots Sp2, Sp3, Sp4, Sp5, Sp6, and Sp8, respectively, whereas LCP incidence produces spots Sp2, Sp4, Sp5, Sp6, Sp7, and Sp8, respectively. The absolute values of polar angles for deflected LP and CP spots are around 15.4° and 22.1°, respectively, at the design wavelength of 850 nm. (b) Top view of a metasurface segment that consists of six different kinds of interleaved meta-pixels with the mirror (empty spaces), HWP (bricks, marked in red), and QWP (crosses, marked in blue color) functionalities. The mirror and HWP meta-pixels produce co-polarized and cross-polarized circular polarization states, respectively, while the QWP meta-pixels, differentiated by four distinct orientations, generate four unique linear polarization states. |x>, |y>, |a>, and |b> represent horizontal, vertical, 45°, and −45° linear polarizations, respectively. For illustrative purposes, each meta-pixel is reduced to 4 × 4 meta-atoms. The change of spin due to reflection is not considered here.
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Figure 2.
Performance of the meta-atoms under RCP incidence. (a) Simulated reflection amplitude and phase of the four HWP meta-atoms with different orientations at the design wavelength of 850 nm. (b) Simulated diffraction efficiencies of the HWP supercell, shown in the inset, as a function of wavelength. (c) Simulated reflection amplitude and phase of the four QWP meta-atoms at the design wavelength of 850 nm. (d) Simulated diffraction efficiencies of the QWP supercell, shown in the inset as a function of wavelength. The dimensions of all selected meta-atoms are shown in
Table S1 . -
Figure 3.
Optical microscope (a) and SEM (b–g) images of the fabricated metasurface. The scale bars in (c–g) are 1 µm. The meta-pixels shown in (c–g) generate respectively the reflection of LCP (RCP) at 45° (135°), |a> (|b>) at 180°, |b> (|a>) at 0°, |x> (|y>) at 90° and |y> (|x>) at 270° under the RCP (LCP) incidence.
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Figure 4.
Experimental demonstration of spin-controlled polarization set generation at the design wavelength of 850 nm. (a–d) Polarization-resolved intensity profiles. The feature spots are marked as Sp2-Sp8 for future analysis. (e) Polar plots of the RCP (blue) and LCP (red) incident beams. (f, h, j, and l) Polar plots of the diffracted LP beams (Sp2, Sp4, Sp6, and Sp8) from the QWP meta-pixels with cross arms oriented at −45° (f), 0° (h), 90° (j), and 45° (l), respectively. The AoLPs are rotated by 90° once the incident light is switched from RCP to LCP. (g, k) Polar plots of the diffracted CP beams (Sp3 and Sp7) from the HWP meta-pixels. Only the cross-polarized CP beam is visible, with its handedness altered by the spin of incident light. (i) Polar plot of reflected CP beams (Sp5) with co-polarization states from the mirror meta-pixels.
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Figure 5.
Operation performance of the metasurface for y-polarized incident light at the design wavelength of 850 nm. (a–d) Polarization-resolved intensity profiles. The feature spots are marked as Sp2-Sp8 for future analysis. (e) Polar plot of the y-polarized incident beam. (f, l) Polar plots of the diffracted elliptically polarized beams (Sp2 and Sp8) from the QWP meta-pixels with cross arms oriented at −45° (f) and 45° (l), respectively. (g, k) Polar plots of the diffracted CP beams (Sp3 and Sp7) from the HWP meta-pixels. Both LCP and RCP beams are visible, each receiving half of the power as the incoming light splits. (h, j) Polar plots of the diffracted y-polarized beams (Sp4 and Sp6) from the QWP meta-pixels with cross arms oriented at 0° (h) and 90° (j), respectively. (i) Polar plot of the reflected y-polarized beam (S5) from the mirror meta-pixels.
