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Yang QX, Yu MH, Chen ZX et al. A novel approach towards robust construction of physical colors on lithium niobate crystal. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240193 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240193
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Article Open Access
A novel approach towards robust construction of physical colors on lithium niobate crystal
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Abstract
Controlling the construction of physical colors on the surfaces of transparent dielectric crystals is crucial for surface coloration and anti-counterfeiting applications. In this study, we present a novel approach to creating stable physical colors on the surface of lithium niobate crystals by combining gold ion implantation with laser direct writing technologies. The interaction between the laser, the implanted gold nanoparticles, and the crystal lattice induces permanent, localized modifications on the crystal surface. By fine-tuning the laser direct writing parameters, we reshaped the gold nanoparticles into spheres of varying sizes on the crystal surface, resulting in the display of red, green, blue, and pale-yellow colors. We investigated the influence of the implanted Au nanoparticles—particularly their localized surface plasmon resonances—on the modifications of the lithium niobate crystal lattice during the laser writing process using confocal Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our findings reveal that the embedded Au nanoparticles play a pivotal role in altering the conventional light-matter interaction between the crystal lattice and the laser, thereby facilitating the generation of surface colors. This work opens new avenues for the development of vibrant surface colors on transparent dielectric crystals.-
Keywords:
- Au ion implantation /
- laser direct writing /
- lithium niobate crystal /
- surface color
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References
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Yang QX, Yu MH, Chen ZX et al. A novel approach towards robust construction of physical colors on lithium niobate crystal. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240193 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240193
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Figure 1.
(a) Schematic diagrams of ion implantation and laser-induced nanoparticle assembly. (b) The ion distribution of Au+-ions calculated by SRIM.
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Figure 2.
The (a) reflection and (b) transmission microscope images of the Au nanoparticles assembly regions with different laser processing energies. (c, d) Corresponding relative microscope spectra. Utilized laser powers for Regions. R, B, G, Y are 17, 29, 53 and 68 mW, respectively.
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Figure 3.
The reflection microscope images of (a, b) “NKU” and (c) crosshatching patterned Au nanoparticles assembly regions. Utilized laser powers: (a) patterns “N”, “K”, “U” are 17, 53 and 68 mW, respectively; (b) patterns “N”, “K”, “U” are 68, 53 and 17 mW, respectively; (c) horizontal stripes from top to bottom are 6, 12, 15, 19 and 60 mW, respectively; vertical stripes from left to right are 17, 29, 53, 68 and 80 mW.
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Figure 4.
(a–c) Surface SEM images and (d, e) corresponding cross-sectional HRTEM images of the Au nanoparticles assembly regions. Utilized laser powers: (a, d) 17 mW; (b, e) 29 mW; (c, f) 53 mW, respectively.
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Figure 5.
(a) Numerical calculations of the relative reflection spectra using the nanoparticle morphology parameters in Table 1. (b) The electric field intensity distribution under LSPR situation (resonance wavelength 573 nm, nanoparticle diameter 3.7 nm, nanoparticle interval 17 nm).
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Figure 6.
Raman spectroscopy analysis. (a) Raman spectra of the bulk material, ion-implanted surface and laser-processed regions. (b) Two-dimensional Raman mapping images of the pattern in Fig. 3(b) with the imaging channels of E(TO7) peak FWHM and intensity. Utilized laser powers for patterns “N”, “K”, “U” are 68, 53 and 17 mW, respectively. (c–f) E(TO5)-A1(LO2) double-peak Raman fitting curves of the bulk material, ion-implanted surface and laser-processed regions. Utilized laser powers for Regions. B and Y are 29 and 68 mW, respectively. (g) E(TO7) peak FWHM and (h) E(TO5)-A1(LO2) double-peak relative intensity differences of the bulk material, ion-implanted surface and laser-processed regions.
