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Abraham E, Liu ZW. Design, setup, and facilitation of the speckle structured illumination endoscopic system. Opto-Electron Sci 4, 240022 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oes.2025.240022
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Design, setup, and facilitation of the speckle structured illumination endoscopic system
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Abstract
Structured illumination, a wide-field imaging approach used in microscopy to enhance image resolution beyond the system's diffraction limits, is a well-studied technique that has gained significant traction over the last two decades. However, when translated to endoscopic systems, severe deformations of illumination patterns occur due to the large depth of field (DOF) and the 3D nature of the targets, introducing significant implementation challenges. Hence, this study explores a speckle-based system that best suits endoscopic practices to enhance image resolution by using random illumination patterns. The study presents a prototypic model of an endoscopic add-on, its design, and fabrication facilitated by using the speckle structured illumination endoscopic (SSIE) system. The imaging results of the SSIE are explained on a colon phantom model at different imaging planes with a wide field of view (FOV) and DOF. The obtained imaging metrics are elucidated and compared with state-of-the-art (SOA) high-resolution endoscopic techniques. Moreover, the potential for a clinical translation of the prototypic SSIE model is also explored in this work. The incorporation of the add-on and its subsequent results on the colon phantom model could potentially pave the way for its successful integration and use in futuristic clinical endoscopic trials.-
Keywords:
- speckle imaging /
- endoscopic add-on /
- colon phantom /
- clinical translation
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References
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Abraham E, Liu ZW. Design, setup, and facilitation of the speckle structured illumination endoscopic system. Opto-Electron Sci 4, 240022 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oes.2025.240022
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Figure 1.
Schematic of the SSIE system. (a) Bench top components. Block 1: laser source of 532 nm; Block 2 (optical components): optical mirrors; Block 3: MM fiber; Block 4: fiber/free space beam splitter; Block 5 (optical components): collimators, optical mirrors and MM fiber; Block 6: step motor, processor, and motor controls. (b) Endoscope add-on (right to left). Block 7: endoscopic add-on; Block 8: target (colon phantom model).
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Figure 2.
Experimental SSIE benchtop setup. (a) Fiber based setup. (b) Free space setup. The arrow denotes the pathway and direction of the laser beams traversal. (c) Step motor programmed to aid in the MM fiber modulation.
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Figure 3.
Design and fabrication of the add-on sleeve. (a) 3D CAD (computer aided design) representation of the add-on sleeve with two fiber holding slits on either ends. (b) 2D model of the sleeve, cross section of (a) along cutting plane 1, DI and DO are the internal and outer diameters, L is the length of the sleeve, T represents the tilt length and θ represents the tilt angle. The cross sections are identical across cutting planes 1 and 2. (c) Photograph of the 3D printed sleeve. (d, e) Schematic of the cross-sectional front end of the endoscope probe without and with the external cover (heat shrink tape) (yellow color slits on either ends represent the fiber slits), respectively. (f) Schematic of the side view of the endoscopic probe with different layers. The inserted portion refers to the section potentially put into the human body/region of examination and the external portion refers to the rest of the endoscopic probe which is connected to the laser setup of the SSIE (Fig.1(a, b)). (g) Photograph of an example Olympus CV-160 endoscopic probe with the sleeve (grey color) which is placed inside an external cover made of heat shrink tape (black) along with the TPU film. (h) Control knobs of the endoscopic probe. (i) Picture to depict the bending length of the endoscopic probe with the add-on sleeve (grey color) attached to the endoscope tip (rigid portion: head). (j) Magnified image of the MM fiber wound around the endoscope insertion tube.
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Figure 4.
Phantom construction and feature deposition. (a) Schematic of feature deposition by drop casting fluorescence dye on sample. (b) Schematic of feature blood vessel drawing on silicone pads. (c) Schematic of the cross-sectional view of the colon model with bumps to simulate a realistic colon. (d) Photograph of the internal cross-sectional view of the colon phantom tunnel simulated with bumps where features drop cast and drawn. (e) Photograph of the external frame of the colon phantom.
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Figure 5.
Fluorescence imaging results with SSIE on colon phantom. (a, b) Diffraction limited and enhanced SSIE image at imaging distance 2.7 cm. Scale bar: 200 μm. (c) Ground truth microscopic image of boxed region in (a). (d, e) Fourier spectra of (a) and (b). (f, g, j, k) Diffraction limited and enhanced SSIE image at imaging distance 5.7 cm. Scale bar: 2100 μm (large FOV: f, g), Scale bar: 800 μm (medium FOV: j, k). (h, i, l, m) Fourier spectra of (f, g, j, k). (n, o) Diffraction limited and enhanced SSIE image at imaging distance 7.2 cm. Scale bar: 500 μm. (p, q) Fourier spectra of (n) and (o). (r, s) Diffraction limited and enhanced SSIE image at imaging distance 10 cm. Scale bar: 400 μm. (t, u) Fourier transforms of (r) and (s).
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Figure 6.
Sampling parameter vs enhancement. (a) Diffraction limited image. (b–h) Number of frames taken for SSIE processing: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150. Imaging distance: 5.7 cm, Scale bar: 200 μm. (j) Diffraction limited image. (k–r) Number of frames taken for SSIE processing: 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, 100, 110, 117, 150. Imaging distance: 4.7 cm, Scale bar: 600 μm. (i) Enhancement plot of (b–h). (s) Enhancement plot of (k–r).
