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Zhao Zeyu, Pu Mingbo, Wang Yanqin, et al. The generalized laws of refraction and reflection[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(2): 129-139. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.02.001
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The generalized laws of refraction and reflection
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Abstract
The refraction and reflection are basic phenomena in the propagation of all kinds of waves, such as light waves, electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves, when they encounter the interface between different kinds of materials. Recently, it is discovered that the traditional optical laws regarding refraction and reflection can be rewritten when artificially designed subwavelength arrays are fabricated on the interfaces. The revised laws provide promising alternatives to achieve imaging, multi-physics decoupling and holographic display. Here we review the recent progresses in this emerging topic, including the refraction and reflection behavior in various materials configurations, the fundamental theories and practical applications. Finally, based on our recent results, the shortcomings of current researches are analyzed with a look towards the future trends of the overall area.-
Keywords:
- plasmonics /
- metamaterial /
- metasurface /
- generalized laws of refraction/reflection
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References
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Overview
Abstract: The refraction and reflection are basic phenomena in the propagation of all kinds of waves, such as light waves, electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves, when they encounter the interface among different kinds of materials. Because of the rigorous limitation of classical laws, traditional optical components such as spherical lenses and parabolic mirrors must be designed with various non-planar geometric shapes to control the flow of light, which makes these devices bulky and heavy. During the last several hundred years, many efforts have been devoted to make optical components thin and lightweight. One particular example is the diffractive gratings and lenses, where the wavefront can be constructed by locally tuning the transmittance in a two-dimensional space. However, the diffractive devices are suffering from the low diffraction efficiency and large chromatic dispersion, making them difficult to be used in practical optical systems.
Recently, it is discovered that the traditional optical laws regarding refraction and reflection can be rewritten when artificially designed subwavelength arrays are fabricated on the interfaces, which are termed metasurfaces or two-dimensional metamaterials. Different from the 3D metamaterials, metasurfaces-based devices are much thinner and easier to fabricate, thus forming a natural candidate for planar optics. The revised laws in the subwavelength structured flat surfaces provide promising alternatives to achieve imaging, multi-physics decoupling, and holographic display. In particular, metasurface-based imaging is considered as the third generation of imaging techniques (the first and second generations are the refractive and diffractive approaches, respectively).
In this paper, we review the recent progresses in this emerging topic, including the refraction and reflection behavior of light in various materials configurations, the fundamental theories and practical applications. We show that plasmonic elements with local phase modulation ability have provided a crucial candidate to realize the generalized laws of refraction and reflection. Based on the short-wavelength effect of surface plasmon, these flat lenses can be much thinner than the vacuum wavelength. Besides the arbitrary refraction and reflection, it is shown that the new optical laws ensure that the wavefront can be arbitrarily tuned, which are critical to achieve beam shaping, stealth and high-purity holography. At the end of this review, the shortcomings of current researches are analyzed based on our recent results, with a look towards the future trends of the overall area.
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Zhao Zeyu, Pu Mingbo, Wang Yanqin, et al. The generalized laws of refraction and reflection[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(2): 129-139. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.02.001
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Figure 1.
The laws of refraction and reflection at the interfaces between two homogenious materials. (a) Normal refraction and reflection. (b) The refraction and reflection at the interface between double positive and double negative materials. (c) The refraction and reflection at the interface between normal material and birefringent crystal. (d) The abnormal refraction effect associated with hyperbolic materials[28].
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Figure 2.
Optical devices based on gradient materials. (a) Flat lens based on gradient index slab. (b) Flattened 3D Luneburg lens in the microwave band[47]. (c) Light propagation in artificial blackhole[48]. (d) Fabricated hyperlens designed for λ=365 nm[44]. (e) Hyperlens designed for λ=405 nm[45].
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Figure 3.
Deflectors based on phase wrapping. (a) 2D dielectric grating with varing sizes in adjacent unit cells[15]. (b) Gradient metamaterials[16].
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Figure 4.
Generalized law of refraction. (a) The local phase shift is introduced by the nanoslits array[17]. (b) The phase shift is produced by the V-shaped nanoantennas[9].
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Figure 5.
Flat lenses based on nanoslits array. (a) Schematic of the flat lens[17]. (b) Experimental demonstration of (a) in the visible range. From left to right: SEM image, experimental and simulated results[58]. (c) Fractal angular momentum generators based on deformed nanoslits[23]. (d) High-order Bessel beam generators based on catenary nanostructures[18, 59].
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Figure 6.
Generalized refraction law for plannar imaging. (a) SEM image of the metasurface objective[60]. Scale bar: 300 nm. (b) SEM image of the object "H" [60]. Scale bar: 10 μm. (c) Image of the object[60]. Scale bar: 10 μm. (d) Photograph of the metasurface-based telescope[3]. (e), (f) Focal spots for red light (left, λ=632.8 nm) and white (right) light[3].
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Figure 7.
Virtual shaping technologies based on arbitrary reflection. (a) Schematic of the skin cloak[26]. (b) Measurement of the cloaking performance[26]. (c) Sketch map of the virtual shaping device[27]. (d) Simulated radar cross section (RCS) reduction[27].
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Figure 8.
Metasurface holographic devices based on MLRR. (a) Schematic of the off-axis full-color holography[25]. (b) Holographic image of the China map[25]. (c) Holographic map of the Sun Phoenix[25]. (d) Schematic of the high-efficiency reflective hologram[70]. (e) SEM image of the reflective hologram[70]. (f) Diffraction efficiency of the device shown in (e) [70]. (g) SEM image of the infrared high-efficiency metasurface. (h) Holographic image of B-2 in the infrared band. (i) 3D holographic image of the F-22 in the visible band.
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Figure 9.
Light fields distribution and ray-tracing of typical metasurfaces with nonlinear phase distribution. (a) The focused light fields generated by an ideal metasurface lens. (b) Ray tracing of the ideal focusing lens, where denser lines mean stronger light intensity. (c) Reviewed light fields generated by a metasurface with quadratic phase. (d) Ray tracing of the quadratic lens.
