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Pan Chao, Zhou Junping, Ni Haibin. Colloidal photonic crystal modified optical fiber and relative humidity detection application[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(9): 180168. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.180168
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Colloidal photonic crystal modified optical fiber and relative humidity detection application
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Abstract
This paper propose a route to decorated end facet of single mode optical fibers with colloidal photonic crystals and present the principle for this structure to be used as relative humidity sensing. The approaches of preparing PS colloidal crystals, composite colloidal crystals, and SiO2 inverse opals on the end faces of optical fibers by vertical deposition was studied. The prepared colloidal crystals and inverse opal were structurally characterized, and the reflection spectra of the photonic crystals-modified microstructure optical fibers was measured. The relative humidity sensing characteristics of composite photonic crystals decorated microstructure optical fibers were tested. Finally, a capillary-fiber structure was proposed to improve the quality and mechanical stability of the colloidal crystals fabricated on the fiber endfaces. -
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References
[1] Guo W H, Wang M, Yu P, et al. Fabrication of 3D colloidal photonic crystals in cavity of optical fiber end face[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2010, 8(5): 515-516. doi: 10.3788/COL [2] Feng Pan F, Deng Y T, Ma X C, et al. Measurement of spatial refractive index distributions of fusion spliced optical fibers by digital holographic microtomography[J]. Optics Communications, 2017, 403: 370-375. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.05.045 [3] Benjamin Hatton B, Mishchenko L, Davis S, et al. Assembly of large-area, highly ordered, crack-free inverse opal films[J]. PNAS, 2010, 107(23): 10354-10359. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000954107 [4] Anusha Ekbote A, Patil P S, Shivaraj R, et al. Structural, third-order optical nonlinearities and figures of merit of (E)-1-(3-substituted phenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one under CW regime: New chalcone derivatives for optical limiting applications[J]. Dyes and Pigments, 2017, 139: 720-729. doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.01.002 [5] Chen C M, Xu J, Yao Y. Fabrication of miniaturized CSRR-loaded HMSIW humidity sensors with high sensitivity and ultra-low humidity hysteresis[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 256: 1100-1106. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.057 [6] Gomez D, Morgan S P, Hayes-Gill B R, et al. Polymeric optical fibre sensor coated by SiO2 nanoparticles for humidity sensing in the skin microenvironment[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 254: 887-895. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.07.191 [7] 包立峰, 董新永, 沈常宇.基于氧化石墨烯的干涉型光纤湿度传感器[J].中国计量大学学报, 2018, 29(1): 75-80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-2835.2018.01.014 Bao L F, Dong X Y, Shen C Y. Interferometric optic fiber humidity sensors based on graphene oxides[J]. Journal of China University of Metrology, 2018, 29(1): 75-80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-2835.2018.01.014 [8] 程君妮.基于光纤锥和纤芯失配的Mach-Zehnder干涉湿度传感器[J].物理学报, 2018, 67(2): 024212. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20171677 Cheng J N. Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on fiber taper and fiber core mismatch for humidity sensing[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(2): 024212. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20171677 [9] 邵敏, 乔学光, 傅海威, 等.光纤布拉格光栅嵌入SMS光纤结构的湿度传感器[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2016, 36(9): 3008-3013. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2016)09-3008-06 Shao M, Qiao X G, Fu H W, et al. Fiber humidity sensor based on fiber Bragg grating sandwiched in SMS fiber structure[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2016, 36(9): 3008-3013. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2016)09-3008-06 [10] Mendoza C, Gonzalez, Gordo E, et al. Protective nature of nano-TiN coatings shaped by EPD on Ti substrates[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2018, 38(2): 495-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.09.046 [11] Zhou Z C, Zhao X S. Flow-controlled vertical deposition method for the fabrication of photonic crystals[J]. Langmuir: the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 2004, 20(4): 1524-1526. doi: 10.1021/la035686y [12] Wang S C, Xu S S, Wang Y M, et al. Synthesis, crystals of centrosymmetric triphenylamine chromophores bearing prodigious two-photon absorption cross-section and biological imaging[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2017, 173: 871-879. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.059 [13] Pettinari G, Gerardino A, Businaro L, et al. A lithographic approach for quantum dot-photonic crystal nanocavity coupling in dilute nitrides[J]. Microelectronic Engineering, 2017, 174: 16-19. doi: 10.1016/j.mee.2016.12.003 -
Overview
Overview: Photonic crystals have been widely used in sensing, information processing and optical devices since they can manipulate light in the wavelength scale by periodic refractive index distributions, which can also be called optical band gaps. In addition, optical fibers are flexible miniature optical waveguides. Therefore, the combination of photonic crystals and optical fibers could form a miniature sensing platform on fiber, named lab on fiber. In this paper, self-assembly method was applied to fabricated colloidal photonic crystals on optical fiber end facets. Polystyrene opal film, silica inverse opal film and composite opal film are successfully produced on a single optical fiber end facet. Film quality was characterized by SEM and reflection spectra through the other end of optical fiber. Cracks and limited layers of colloidal photonic crystals were observed on the single optical fiber end facet. To increase the photonic crystal film quality, an optimized structure, a capillary ferruled on one end of the fiber and a formed large flat surface, was employed in the fabrication process. As a result, high quality colloidal photonic crystal on the fiber end facet was obtained which is confirmed by optical reflection spectra. Moreover, the produce film stick more firmly on the fiber end facet compared to that on a single optical fiber. Principles of the colloidal photonic crystal film as sensing materials are discussed. Bragg reflection as well as effective refractive index theory was employed to describe the band gap shift of colloidal photonic crystal. A relatively large effective refractive index change or large lattice distance, or both of them will results in a large sensitivity of the colloidal photonic crystal.
Composite photonic crystal on fiber end facet as relative humidity sensor are demonstrated. The sensing mechanism is that silica gel infiltrated in polystyrene spheres can absorb water molecular in high relative humidity, and the water in the silica gel network will evaporate when relative humidity decrease. As a result, the fabricated composite photonic crystal film is sensitive to relative humidity in a range from 12%~86%. A sensitivity of 0.133 nm for reflectance peak at 900 nm wavelength is experimentally demonstrated. When the relative humidity is larger than 86%, reflectance peak of the composite photonic crystal film does not shift obviously due to a saturated absorption of water of the silica gel. As a conclusion, colloidal photonic crystal on optical fiber end facet can be fabricated and could form a platform for optical sensing or analyzing.
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Pan Chao, Zhou Junping, Ni Haibin. Colloidal photonic crystal modified optical fiber and relative humidity detection application[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2018, 45(9): 180168. doi: 10.12086/oee.2018.180168
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of the growth of colloidal crystals on the fiber end face
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Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of fiber-capillary structure. (a) Side view; (b) Front view
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Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of reflection spectra measurement set up for colloidal crystal decorated optical fibers
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Figure 4.
SEM images of PS colloidal crystals. (a)~(b) SEM images of PS colloidal crystals on a single optical fiber end facet; (c)~(d) SEM images of PS colloidal crystals on a fiber-capillary structure end facet
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Figure 5.
Reflection spectra of PS colloidal crystals prepared on single mode optical fiber (blue line) and fiber-capillary end facet (red line)
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Figure 6.
SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal. (a)~(b) SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal on a single optical fiber end facet; (c)~(d) SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal on fiber-capillary structure; (e)~(f) SEM images of composite photonic crystals on a single optical fiber end facet
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Figure 7.
Relative humidity detection. (a) Reflection spectra of composite photonic crystals on fiber end facet in varied relative humidity; (b) Reflectance peak wavelength vs. relative humidity
