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Zhang WL, Çakıroğlu O, Al-Enizi A, Nafady A, Gan XT et al. Solvent-free fabrication of broadband WS2 photodetectors on paper. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 220101 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.220101
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Article Open Access
Solvent-free fabrication of broadband WS2 photodetectors on paper
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Abstract
Paper-based devices have attracted extensive attention due to the growing demand for disposable flexible electronics. Herein, we integrate semiconducting devices on cellulose paper substrate through a simple abrasion technique that yields high-performance photodetectors. A solvent-free WS2 film deposited on paper favors an effective electron-hole separation and hampers recombination. The as-prepared paper-based WS2 photodetectors exhibit a sensitive photoresponse over a wide spectral range spanning from ultraviolet (365 nm) to near-infrared (940 nm). Their responsivity value reaches up to ~270 mA W−1 at 35 V under a power density of 35 mW cm−2. A high performance photodetector was achieved by controlling the environmental exposure as the ambient oxygen molecules were found to decrease the photoresponse and stability of the WS2 photodetector. Furthermore, we have built a spectrometer using such a paper-based WS2 device as the photodetecting component to illustrate its potential application. The present work could promote the development of cost-effective disposable photodetection devices. -
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References
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Zhang WL, Çakıroğlu O, Al-Enizi A, Nafady A, Gan XT et al. Solvent-free fabrication of broadband WS2 photodetectors on paper. Opto-Electron Adv 6, 220101 (2023). doi: 10.29026/oea.2023.220101
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Figure 1.
(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of paper-based WS2 photodetectors via abrading WS2 crystals and penciling graphite electrodes on paper substrates. (b) Photograph of the 3 × 3 WS2 photodetector array. Inset shows the magnified view of a WS2 photodetector. (c) Optical micrograph of a WS2 photodetector showing the WS2 channel and graphite electrode regions.
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Figure 2.
Comparison of the photoresponse performance of the paper-based WS2 photodetector (device A) tested in air and vacuum conditions under illumination. (a) Current vs. time across the device under a periodic ON/OFF switching of illumination with a power intensity of 35 mW cm−2. (b) Zoomed in on three consecutive ON/OFF cycles from (a). (c) Photocurrent vs. time for the WS2 device as the illumination is switched ON/OFF with increasing incident power intensity from 1.1 mW cm−2 to 35 mW cm−2. (d) Photocurrent as a function of the power intensity. Note: Measurements are carried out at a bias voltage of 10 V and with a selected wavelength of 617 nm. The channel length and width of the device A are ~300 μm and 2 mm, respectively.
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Figure 3.
Voltage-dependent photoresponse of the paper-based WS2 photodetector (device B) under the illumination of 617 nm. (a) Photocurrent as a function of time for the WS2 photodetector while the light is switched ON/OFF under various power intensities at a fixed bias voltage of 35 V. (b) The measured photocurrent and (c) corresponding responsivity as a function of power intensity collected at various bias voltages from 1 to 35 V. (d) The measured photocurrent and responsivity as a function of bias voltage at a fixed power intensity of 35 mW cm−2.
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Figure 4.
Spectral response of the paper-based WS2 photodetector (device B). (a) Photocurrent vs. time when the device is subjected to cycles of ON/OFF illumination with different wavelengths. (b) Spectrum response of the WS2 photodetector under various wavelengths of illumination in the range of 365 nm (ultraviolet) to 940 nm (near-infrared). Note: The device is measured at a fixed voltage of 10 V and an incident power intensity of 13 mW cm−2.
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Figure 5.
Integration of the paper-based WS2 photodetector as detection element in an optical spectrometer. (a) Schematic diagram of the spectrometer system consist of a light source, a light-scattering optical element (reflective diffraction grating), and a detection element. (b) The measured power profiles using a commercial silicon photodiode and (c) photocurrent profiles using the paper-based WS2 photodetector (device C). Note: As light source we have used a supercontinuum laser with different spectral filters.
