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Fan H Y, Luo J. Research progress of reflectionless electromagnetic metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230147. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230147
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Research progress of reflectionless electromagnetic metasurfaces
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Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurfaces, as a class of planar electromagnetic materials consisting of single-layer or multilayer subwavelength artificial micro-structures, can precisely control the amplitude, phase, wavefront, dispersion, polarization, and angular momentum of electromagnetic waves in the subwavelength scale. In particular, reflectionless electromagnetic metasurfaces provide new theories and schemes for realizing high-efficiency electromagnetic devices. In this review, we elaborate the underlying mechanism of reflectionless metasurfaces from the perspective of the Huygens principle, electromagnetic resonances and the Brewster effect. We also discuss the important applications including anomalous refraction, polarization manipulation, meta-antireflection coatings, and perfect electromagnetic absorption, and point out the challenges and potentials of this field. -
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References
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Overview
Electromagnetic devices that manipulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves are ubiquitous in today's society. The high-efficiency control of electromagnetic waves has been a hot topic among researchers in the past few decades. Electromagnetic metasurfaces, as a class of planar electromagnetic materials consisting of single-layer or multilayer subwavelength artificial micro-structures, can precisely control the amplitude, phase, wavefront, dispersion, polarization, and angular momentum of electromagnetic waves in the subwavelength scale. However, the phenomenon of reflection is inevitable in the design and application of metasurfaces. In addition to reflection-based metasurfaces that manipulate electromagnetic waves through reflection, for transmission-based metasurfaces with broad application prospects, their efficiency is mainly limited by losses and reflection. The reflected electromagnetic waves are difficult to be utilized by the system. Therefore, reducing or even eliminating reflection to enhance electromagnetic control efficiency is a key scientific problem in the field of metasurfaces. Designing reflectionless metasurfaces can provide new theories and approaches for achieving high-efficiency electromagnetic devices. The mechanism and design research of reflectionless metasurfaces are one of the important research directions in the field of metasurfaces. This article reviews the theory and applications of reflectionless electromagnetic metasurfaces, elucidating the basic principles of reflectionless metasurfaces from three aspects: Huygens' principle, electromagnetic resonance, and Brewster effect. Specifically, it includes Huygens metasurfaces, multilayer reflectionless metasurfaces, and Brewster metasurfaces. This article also introduces important applications of reflectionless metasurfaces, including anomalous refraction, polarization control, antireflection metasurfaces, and perfect absorption of electromagnetic waves. In addition, this article summarizes and prospects the challenges and development prospects in this field. The future focus will be on reducing reflection to improve the efficiency of metasurfaces, and further exploration of new physical effects and applications is still needed.
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Fan H Y, Luo J. Research progress of reflectionless electromagnetic metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(9): 230147. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230147
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Figure 1.
Huygens’ metasurfaces. (a) Illustration of the physical mechanism of the Huygens’ metasurfaces[93]; (b) Metallic Huygens’ metasurfaces[51]; (c) All-dielectric Huygens’ metasurfaces[92]
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Figure 2.
Multi-layered reflectionless metasurfaces. (a) ABA-type metasurface units and the underlying mechanism[59]; (b) ABA-type reflectionless metasurfaces for refracted wave manipulation[87]
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Figure 3.
Brewster metasurfaces. (a) The underlying physics of Brewster metasurfaces and their applications for reflectionless manipulation of refracted waves[53]; (b) The design and broadband reflection property of optical Brewster metasurfaces[54]
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Figure 4.
Wide-angle reflectionless metasurfaces. (a) Wide-angle reflectionless terahertz metasurfaces for TE waves[146]; (b) Wide-angle reflectionless microwave metasurfaces for TE waves[152]
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Figure 5.
Broadband reflectionless metasurfaces. (a) Broadband reflectionless microwave metasurfaces consisting of double-turn helix units[99]; (b) Broadband low-reflection terahertz metasurfaces based on optimization methods[157]; (c) Ultra-broadband reflectionless microwave metasurfaces consisting of double-layer units[158]
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Figure 6.
Anomalous refraction. (a) Microwave gradient Huygens’ metasurfaces[51]; (b) Near-infrared gradient Huygens’ metasurfaces[95]; (c) Terahertz reflectionless gradient coding metasurfaces[193]
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Figure 7.
Polarization manipulation. (a) Terahertz anisotropic metasurface as polarization converter[72]; (b) Tunable terahertz anisotropic metasurface as polarization converter[74]; (c) Bianisotropic metasurface as polarization converter[73]
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Figure 8.
Meta-antireflection coatings. (a) Bianisotropic meta-antireflection coating using H-shaped metallic units[194]; (b) Bianisotropic meta-antireflection coating using S-shaped metallic units[195]; (c) Meta-antireflection coating for simultaneous reflection elimination and wavefront control[123]
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Figure 9.
Perfect electromagnetic wave absorbers. (a) Resonant metasurfaces for perfect electromagnetic wave absorption[77]; (b) Non-resonant Brewster metasurfaces for ultra-broadband perfect electromagnetic wave absorption[56]
- Figure .
