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Jiang SB, Deng WJ, Wang ZS et al. Ka-Band metalens antenna empowered by physics-assisted particle swarm optimization (PA-PSO) algorithm. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 240014 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.240014
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Ka-Band metalens antenna empowered by physics-assisted particle swarm optimization (PA-PSO) algorithm
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Abstract
Design of multiple-feed lens antennas requires multivariate and multi-objective optimization processes, which can be accelerated by PSO algorithms. However, the PSO algorithm often fails to achieve optimal results with limited computation resources since spaces of candidate solutions are quite large for lens antenna designs. This paper presents a design paradigm for multiple-feed lens antennas based on a physics-assisted particle swarm optimization (PA-PSO) algorithm, which guides the swarm of particles based on laws of physics. As a proof of concept, a design of compact metalens antenna is proposed, which measures unprecedented performances, such as a field of view at ±55°, a 21.7 dBi gain with a flatness within 4 dB, a 3-dB bandwidth >12°, and a compact design with af-number of 0.2. The proposed PA-PSO algorithm reaches the optimal results 6 times faster than the ordinary PSO algorithm, which endows promising applications in the multivariate and multi-objective optimization processes, including but not limited to metalens antenna designs.-
Keywords:
- multiple-feed lens antennas /
- PA-PSO algorithm /
- metalens /
- metasurfaces /
- Ka-band antenna.
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References
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Supplementary information for Ka-Band metalens antenna empowered by physics-assisted particle swarm optimization (PA-PSO) algorithm 
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Jiang SB, Deng WJ, Wang ZS et al. Ka-Band metalens antenna empowered by physics-assisted particle swarm optimization (PA-PSO) algorithm. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 240014 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.240014
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Figure 1.
Schematics of the PA-PSO algorithm. (a) and (b) Working principle of the metalens antenna. (c) and (d) Comparison between the traditional PSO and PA-PSO algorithm. The red and blue stars represent optimal and sub-optimal designs, respectively. The red dots and dashed arrows represent the positions and velocities of the particles, respectively. (c) The working principle of the PSO algorithm where the swarm of particles is guided by the radiation intensity. (d) The PA-PSO algorithm guides the swarm of particles based on the extrema condition of the radiation intensity, which shows the correct directions of the maximum radiation intensity. This approach guides the swarm of particles more efficiently, which reduces not only the computation time but also the likelihood of finding sub-optimal designs.
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Figure 2.
Architecture and performance of the PA-PSO algorithm. (a) Difference between PSO and PA-PSO algorithms. The yellow background in the image represents the optimization process of the PSO algorithm. During this optimization process, the phase changes between the rings are coupled, requiring more iteration time. The blue background indicates that after introducing physics, the optimization between the rings is decoupled, and they do not influence each other. As a result, the number of optimization iterations naturally decreases. (b) Variation of the relative electric field intensity with respect to the times of iteration for PA-PSO and PSO algorithms. The purple line shows the calculation errors. The four hexagons from bottom to top represent phase distributions at different stages: initial phase distribution, PSO algorithm iteration 650 times, PSO algorithm iteration
1500 times, and PSO algorithm iteration4100 times (PA-PSO algorithm iteration 650 times). (c) Comparison of FOVs and F/D for planar lens antennas. The colors of the points indicate the fluctuation of gains when scanning within the field of view range. -
Figure 3.
Design and Characteristics of the metalens antenna. (a) Design parameters of the unit structure of the metalens antenna. (b) Transmission spectrum of the unit cells. (c) Phase spectra of unit cells when the unit cell is rotated with respect to the fast axis of the left circularized incident light.
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Figure 4.
Device fabrication and experimental setup. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup for near-field measurement. (b) The fixture and metasurface lens antenna used in the test. The bottom of the fixture holds the feed source antenna and includes insertable holes to alter the position of the feed source. The distance from the feed source to the metasurface lens is 2.2 cm. (c) A enlarged view of the metamaterial lens. (d) Photograph of the experimental setup. The experimental setup consists of probes, assembled feed source antenna, metasurface lens, and a vector network analyzer connecting the probes and feed source antenna.
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Figure 5.
Gain profiles of the metalens antenna when the feed is placed on the focal plane with different displacements x. Comparison between the experimental results (blue lines) and simulation results (red lines) when the feed source position is (a) at x = 0, showing a maximum gain of 21.7 dBi, which corresponds to an angle of 0°; (b) at x = 15 mm, showing a maximum gain is 21.2 dBi, which corresponds to an angle of 24°; (c) at x = 30 mm, showing a maximum gain is 18.3 dBi, which corresponds to an angle of 55°. (d) The relationship between the maximum gain angles and the corresponding gains obtained from testing the feed source at different positions.
