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Metasurface-based computer generated holography at terahertz frequencies
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Abstract
Holography is a kind of technique enabling 3D imaging which has been applied in many practical fields. With the rapid development of computer science and technology, computer generated holography (CGH) has become a common holography design method due to its high convenience and flexibility. Herein, we present a review of our recent progress in metasurface-based terahertz CGH. In these demonstrations, the metasurfaces acting as the holograms have shown the novel capabilities beyond the conventional counterparts. We first present a meta-hologram with simultaneous and independent phase and amplitude control over each pixel, which enables high-quality holographic imaging. Such new characteristic also predicts new holographic imaging performances including holographic images transforming continuously along the propagation direction realized by dielectric metasurface. Then different responses under different incident polarization states are designed. A linear polarization and frequency multiplexed meta-hologram, a reflective circular polarization multiplexed meta-hologram, and a surface-wave-based polarization multiplexed meta-hologram have been achieved respectively. Furthermore, a thermally dependent dynamic meta-hologram which can change the holographic image actively is also given. The proposed method paves a novel way to the design and realization of CGH functional devices in the future and contributes to the development of metasurfaces towards practical applications.-
Keywords:
- terahertz /
- computer generated holography /
- metasurface /
- multiplexing
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References
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Overview
Overview: We review our recent progress in metasurface-based terahertz computer generated holography in which metasurfaces act as the holograms and show novel advantages.
To get better quality of holographic image, the unit should modulate both amplitude and phase of incidence rather than just one of them. Based on the different resonance modes caused by parallel polarization incidence and perpendicular polarization incidence, a series of different C-shape split-ring resonators (CSRRs) are designed which have different modulating effects with each other in y-polarized transmittance and phase shift spectra under x-polarized normal incidence.
Although a fine hologram can be composed by CSRRs, its energy efficiency is low. To solve this problem, we resort to the all-dielectric metasurface. Its units are silicon pillar resonators which not only own the high energy efficiency but also can modulate both amplitude and phase of incidence like CSRRs.
To improve utilization efficiency of holograms, the multiplexed metasuface is one of the ideal solutions. The multiplexed holograms can increase information capacity of imaging system and make it more simplified. For these reasons, some multiplexed meta-holograms emerged in our works.
Firstly, a meta-hologram which is a linear polarization and frequency multiplexed one is designed. On the hologram, two sets of CSRRs which work at different frequencies are arranged and a pattern like checkerboard formed. Due to special design some CSRRs do not work when others do. Based on CSRRs working at different frequencies and the special arrangement, the linear polarization and frequency multiplexed hologram is achieved.
Secondly, a circular polarization multiplexed hologram is realized. There are two types of units on it which are L-type DSRRs (double-split ring resonators) and R-type DSRRs respectively and they response to the left-handed or right-handed circular polarization only. Based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, the hologram shows different holographic images under left-handed and right-handed circular polarization incidence, respectively.
Thirdly, a surface plasmon holography which is polarization multiplexed is also achieved. On these holograms, slit-pair resonators act as the pixels. The holographic images are composed by a series of surface plasmon which excited by different pixels. The initial phase of surface plasmon from pixels is depended on the origin of the slit-pair resonator and the polarization of incidence.
Finally, a thermally dependent active control meta-hologram is also designd and demonstrated in experiment. There are two sets of units on it which are passive units and active units. They are CSRRs and V-CSRRs (vanadium dioxide integrated CSRRs) which are CSRRs contained vanadium dioxide in their gaps. Based on the phase transition effect of vanadium dioxide andreasonable arrangement of passive and active units and destructive interference images showed by them, the hologram shows different holographic images in low and high temperatures, respectively.
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Figure 1.
Basic functional units and the design of hologram[37]
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Figure 2.
Illustration of the basic functional unit cells[44]
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Figure 3.
Illustration of the meta-hologram with controlled shifting along the z-axis[44]
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Figure 4.
Illustration of the four basic functional subpixels and their simulated electric field responses[45]
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Figure 5.
Schematic illustration of the polarization and frequency selective meta-hologram's functionality[45]
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Figure 6.
Reflective chiral meta-holography[41]
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Figure 7.
Surface plasmon hologram designing scheme and holographic results of an exemplary single-point profile[46]
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Figure 8.
Spin-switchable surface plasmon holography[46]
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Figure 9.
Linear polarization switchable surface plasmon holography[46]
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Figure 10.
Schematic of the metasurface unit cells and their transmission responses[47]
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Figure 11.
Design mechanism of the proposed thermal dynamic meta-hologram[47]
