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Liu Y L, Dong Z, Chen Y H, et al. Research advances of partially coherent beams with novel coherence structures: engineering and applications[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2022, 49(11): 220178. doi: 10.12086/oee.2022.220178
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Research advances of partially coherent beams with novel coherence structures: engineering and applications
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Abstract
Structured light has rich adjustable spatial degrees of freedom, including amplitude, phase, polarization, degree of coherence, etc. The modulation of these degrees of freedom has triggered a variety of novel physical effects and has found use in constructing new structured light beams and a large range of applications. Compared to the fully coherent light, partially coherent beams (PCBs) have advantages in resisting the speckle noise and the fluctuations of atmospheric turbulence. Recently, the PCBs with nonconventional coherence structures have been found to have important potential applications in atmospheric transmission, optical encryption and imaging, robust information transmission, and high-quality beam shaping. In this review, we summarize in detail the progress of the theoretical construction and experimental generation of PCBs with novel coherence structures. Meanwhile, we outline their robust propagation properties in complex media and important applications in optical encryption, imaging, robust information transfer, and beam shaping. It is found the modulation of spatial coherence structure of PCBs provides not only an efficient way to resist the random fluctuations of complex environments, but also a new degree of freedom to enrich the application scopes of structured light. Finally, the development trend and the further applications of the nonconventional coherence structure engineering are prospected. -
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References
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Overview
Optical coherence, as a fundamental resource in all areas of optical physics, plays a vital role in understanding interference, propagation, scattering, imaging, light-matter interactions, and other fundamental characteristics from classical to quantum optical wave fields. The theory of optical coherence is the most powerful tool to describe the statistical characters of random light beams (also named partially coherent beams). In the space-frequency domain, the spatial coherence property of a partially coherent light beam is characterized by a two-point spectral degree of coherence that is a normalized version of the cross-spectral density function. Nowadays, the degree of coherence has been viewed as a novel degree of freedom for the structured partially coherent light beams, which is akin to the deterministic properties, such as the amplitude, phase, and polarization of a fully coherent structured light beam. Due to the fundamental difference between the two-point degree of coherence of partially coherent light and the one-point deterministic features of fully coherent light, the partially coherent beams with customized spatial coherence have shown many unique properties and been found to be more advantageous in particular applications. By simply adjusting the spatial coherence width of the degree of coherence for a partially coherent beam can help reduce the turbulence-induced signal distortion in free-space optical communications and resist the speckle noise in optical imaging. Only recently, it has been found that not only the spatial coherence width but also the spatial coherence distribution of the degree of coherence can be customized, which has enabled a host of novel physical effects, including beam’s self-shaping, self-reconstruction, and self-focusing, and has aroused many important potential applications. In this paper, we review the fundamental theory and efficient experimental protocols for tailoring the spatial coherence structure of the degree of coherence for the partially coherent light beams. The differences and the advantages between the two strategies for producing the partially coherent beams with nonconventional spatial coherence structures are discussed. Meanwhile, we mainly focus on the applications of the spatial coherence structure engineering in coherence-based optical encryption, robust optical imaging, sub-Rayleigh imaging, robust far-field information transfer, and high-quality beam shaping. It is found that the spatial coherence structure engineering provides an efficient degree of freedom for the manipulation of structured light and paves the way for resisting the side effects induced by random fluctuations of complex media. We prospect that the spatial coherence engineering protocols can be extended to the temporal domain or even to the spatiotemporal domain and will find broader applications for light manipulations and light-matter interactions.
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Liu Y L, Dong Z, Chen Y H, et al. Research advances of partially coherent beams with novel coherence structures: engineering and applications[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2022, 49(11): 220178. doi: 10.12086/oee.2022.220178
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of light field coherence structure engineering and applications
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Figure 2.
Generation of partially coherent beams with prescribed coherence structure (a) from incoherent to partially coherent beams[41]; (b) Coherence-modal representation (CMR), pseudo-modal representation (PMR), random-modal representation (RMR) [76]
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Figure 3.
Experimental setup for generating of partially coherent beams. (a) Experimental realization of partially coherent beams via dynamic scattering medium (rotating ground-glass disk)[44]; (b)~(d) Experimental realization of partially coherent beams via mode superposition by using Monte Carlo[89], and spatial light modulator (SLM) [90], digital micro-mirror device (DMD) [57]
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Figure 4.
Measurement of spatial coherence structure of partially coherent beams. (a) Via Young’s interferometry with two holes[27]; (b) Via intensity-intensity correlation[91]; (c) Via generalized Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment[93]; (d) Via self-referencing holography[96]
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Figure 5.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in beam shaping. (a) Self-splitting of a focused Hermite Gaussian correlated beam[59]; (b) Optical cage formation with a focused Laguerre Gaussian correlated[47]; (c) Radially polarized beam array generation[101]; (d) Self-reconstruction of the partially coherent beams[63] ; (e) Self-steering of a phase-engineering of the partially coherent beams[71]; (f) Self-focusing and Self-steering of the non-uniform partially coherent beams[50-51]
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Figure 6.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in turbulence. (a) Schematic for the propagation of light beams through turbulence atmosphere[102]; (b) Scintillation index of multi Gaussian Schell-model beams propagation in turbulence[105]; (c) The evolution of the intensity of the Radially polarization Gaussian Schell model (GSM) (RPPC) beam in turbulence, and the radially polarized Hermite non-uniformly correlated (RPHNUC) beams upon propagation in turbulence with different mode orders m = 0 and m = 1[90]; (d) The on-axis scintillation of the GSM beams, PCB with vortex phase and partially coherent radially polarization (PCRP) with and without vortex phase for different transverse coherence width[107]
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Figure 7.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in overcoming the classical Rayleigh diffraction limit. (a) Schematic diagram of the telecentric imaging system[113]; (b) Results of the imaging of the target under the partially coherent beams with prescribed coherence structure[113]; (c) Experimental setup for the orientation-selective sub-Rayleigh imaging with the spatial coherence lattice[115]; (d) Experimental sub-Rayleigh imaging results of the target image under the illumination of the partially coherent beam with three kinds of spatial coherence lattice[115]
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Figure 8.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in complex optical imaging. (a) Robust optical imaging with the special correlated partially coherent beams[116]; (b) Moving targets tracking through scattering media via the complex spatial coherence structure[93]; (c) The imaging of the phase object with the complex spatial coherence structure by self-reference holography[117]; (d) The microscopic phase imaging[118]
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Figure 9.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in optical encryption. (a) Schematic diagram of the optical encryption and decryption through the manipulation of the spatial coherence structure; (b) Results of the decryption of the original encryption image from the measured cross-spectral density function with correct decryption key; (c) The robustness of the optical imaging encryption and decryption in turbulence via the measurement of the spatial coherence structure[128]
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Figure 10.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in the robust far-field information transmission. (a) A schematic of the principle for far-field optical image transmission with a structured random light beam[133]; (b) Experimental setup for robust far-field imaging in free space as well as in turbulent atmosphere[132]; (c) Results of the reconstructed image in turbulence with different strength[132]; (d) Results for the modulus of the spatial degree of coherence in the focal plane and the corresponding results for the recovered image with the presence of the obstacle in the transmission link[133]
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Figure 11.
Applications of novel coherence structures engineering in vector light field. (a) Shaping of the far-field intensity and state of polarization[83]; (b) Generation of the far-field arbitrary array beams[148]; (c) An optical cage is derived around the focal region[148]; (d) Shaping of longitudinal spectral density in the tight focusing system[149]; (e) Recovery of the polarization state of the field hidden behind a scattering media[94]
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