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Polarization holography has important application prospects in the field of data storage and polarized light imaging due to its ability to record amplitude, phase, and polarization information. In addition, it also has the ability to regulate light fields, which can regulate special light fields with helical phase distribution and spatial polarization distribution. Such special light fields have broad application prospects in the fields of optical communication, particle manipulation, photon entanglement, etc. There is also a lot of researches focused on how to generate such beams, such as helical phase plates, mode conversion, spatial light modulators, etc. However, the traditional method requires the construction of a relatively large optical system, which limits its application in fields such as integrated optics. The introduction of the beam preparation method of polarization holography can reduce the volume of the optical system to a certain extent. At the same time, the use of polarization-sensitive materials with the ability to record multi-dimensional information greatly reduces the cost on the one hand. On the other hand, it is easy to operate during the preparation process, which is expected to be an ideal material for beam preparation to some extent. Based on the introduction of the principle of faithful reconstruction of any polarization state by polarization holography, this paper reviews the research progress of generating vector beams, scalar vortex beams, and vector vortex beams based on polarization holography in the past two years. Faithful reconstruction for any polarization state refers to under the incident into the polarization-sensitive material at 90 degrees interference angle between the signal and reference waves, the recording and reading waves are p-polarized and the reconstruction wave can be reconstructed correctly. Phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethyl methacrylate photopolymer (PQ/PMMA) is used as a recording material in the experiment. First, the single control ability of polarization holography in polarization and phase is demonstrated respectively, and then the ability of polarization holography to control both polarization and phase at the same time is further introduced. Based on the characteristics of polarization holography, the signal optical path is regulated, and the vector beam, scalar vortex beam, and vector vortex beam are generated by setting the initial azimuth angle of the rotating components and adjusting their relative rotational angular velocity under dynamic exposure. In the fabrication process, the desired beam can be generated by simply controlling the parameters of some devices. Finally, the ability and prospect of generating special light fields based on polarization holography are briefly summarized and discussed.
Schematic diagram of polarization holography[60]. (a) Recording stage; (b) Reconstruction stage. Figure adapted with permission from ref. [60] © Optica Publishing Group
Polarization-sensitive polymer material in our experiment[65]. (a) Cubic material and (b) the molecular distribution model before exposure; E, electric vector of the light field; (c) Molecular distribution model after exposure. Figure adapted with permission from ref. [65] © Optica Publishing Group
Experimental setup[65]. PBS, polarization beam splitter; HWP, half-wave plate; M, mirror; P, polarizer; L, lens; CCD, charge-coupled device. Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [65] © Optica Publishing Group
Intensity and polarization distributions of the vector beam with a polarization order of p=1 and an original azimuthal θ0=15°[65]. (a), (f) Simulation and experimental intensity distributions, respectively; (b)~(e) Intensity distributions after the polarizer at P = 15°, 45°, 75°, and 105° in simulation; (g)~(j) Corresponding experimental results. Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [65] © Optica Publishing Group
Experimental setup for generating vortex beam[60]. Where PBS represents polarization beam splitter, BE is beam expander, HWP is half wave plate, QWP is quarter wave plate, P is polarizer, SH is shutter, BS is beam splitter, the 4F imaging system is a linear optical information processing system and M is mirror. The material is cubic-shaped polarization-sensitive polymer material (PQ/ PMMA). Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [60] © Optica Publishing Group
Intensity pattern about l=+2 scalar vortex beam[60]. (a) Experimental result; (b) Simulated result; the interference pattern between plane wave and scalar vortex beam; (c) Experimental result; (d) Simulated result; (e) Intensity distribution along the vertical direction (upper) and the horizontal direction (lower). Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [60] © Optica Publishing Group
Experimental setup for generating special beams[67]. Where HWP is half wave plate, QWP is quarter wave plate, P is polarizer, L is lens. The material is cubic-shaped polarization-sensitive polymer material (PQ/PMMA). The setup for the upper point is used to prepare vector vortex beams and vector beams, and the setup in the lower-left corner is used to prepare scalar vortex beams. The main difference between them is whether P2 is rotated. Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [67] © Optica Publishing Group
Simulation results, experimental results, and experimental interference patterns of l=−2, −1, +1, and +2 of scalar vortex beams at (π/2, 0) of the basic Poincaré Sphere[67]. Figure reprinted with permission from ref. [67] © Optica Publishing Group
Results of the vector vortex beam at (2π/3, 0) on the sphere of a hybrid-order Poincaré Sphere (l=−1 and p=+1). Experimental and simulated results for a different orientational P. Results on the right are forked gratings of the experimental vector vortex beam interfered with the right- and left-handed circularly-polarized plane waves, respectively[67]. Figure adapted with permission from ref. [67] © Optica Publishing Group
Results of the vector beam at (4π/3, 0) on the sphere of a higher-order Poincaré Sphere (p=+1). Experimental and simulated results for a different orientational P. Results on the right are forked gratings of the experimental vector beam interfered with the right- and left-handed circularly-polarized plane waves, respectively[67]. Figure adapted with permission from ref. [67] © Optica Publishing Group