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Chen Y Z, Pan W K, Jin X Y, et al. Far-field radiation manipulations of on-chip optical near-fields[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(8): 230173. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230173
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Far-field radiation manipulations of on-chip optical near-fields
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Abstract
Surface wave (SW), as a kind of information or energy transportation platform, can find important applications in on-chip optical devices and systems. However, the efficient and free control from near-field SW to far-field propagation wave still suffers from fundamental challenges in the field of on-chip photonics. This paper starts with an introduction of the basic principles for far-field radiation. Then it reviews the approaches to control the multiple parameters (e.g., phase, amplitude, and polarization state) of the SW’s radiation field based on the metasurface, as well as the complex far-field wavefront manipulation of the surface wave, such as the directional radiation, far-field focusing, special beam excitation, and holographic imaging. Finally, the main challenges and future developments of far-field radiation control of SWs are summarized.-
Keywords:
- on-chip optical fields /
- surface wave /
- far-field radiation /
- metasurface
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References
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Overview
Surface waves (SWs), including surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and their equivalent counterparts such as spoof SPPs and guided SWs, are a kind of eigen electromagnetic modes localized at the surface of the metal or artificial structure. As the information or energy carrier, SWs can find numerous applications in integration-optics. On the other hand, achieving freely tailored far-field radiations from SWs has also attracted much attention from science and technology. However, due to the momentum mismatch issue between SWs and free-space propagating waves (PWs), a long-standing issue is to find appropriate approaches to efficiently link these different electromagnetic modes.
One early representative device for radiation control of SWs is the leaky wave antenna (LWA), which can help people realize the directional radiation and the beam scanning of microwave radar signals. The travelling waves inside a waveguide of the LWA can be gradually radiated to the desired direction after suffering from some periodic Bragg modulations. Besides, people have also proposed to fabricate periodic textures surrounding a small aperture in a metal film to collimate the transmission light beam emerges from the aperture. Based on a similar concept, more intriguing effects of SW-PW radiation are also achieved, including far-field focusing, Airy beam, vortex beam generation, and so on. However, these Bragg devices still suffer from the issues of low efficiency, large size, and lack of degrees of freedom.
Recently, the two-dimensional metasurfaces, i.e., a kind of ultrathin metamaterial constructed by planar meta-atoms with the predetermined electromagnetic wave properties, have been proposed as the high-efficiency, high-integration, and multi-function platforms for freely modulating the near- to far- field radiations. Excited by the impinging SWs, a series of carefully designed meta-atoms can serve as the sub-sources and radiate the far-field PWs with freely tailored amplitudes, phases, as well as polarizations. Based on the interference effect, such metasurfaces can thus construct the arbitrary scattering far-field patterns in deep subwavelength scale, including the directional far-field radiation, focusing, holograms, vortex/vectorial beam generations, and so on. Moreover, new degrees of freedom, such as the incident directions of SWs and the far-field polarizations of radiated PWs, can be further utilized to implement more functionalities in the single meta-device. Such meta-devices, featured by mini-size, easy-integration, and high-performance, are highly desired in future integration-optics applications, e.g., leaky antenna, virtual reality imaging, and micro projector.
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Chen Y Z, Pan W K, Jin X Y, et al. Far-field radiation manipulations of on-chip optical near-fields[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2023, 50(8): 230173. doi: 10.12086/oee.2023.230173
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Figure 1.
Different principles for far-field radiation manipulations of surface wave [18]. (a) Grating couplers; (b) Gradient phase metasurfaces
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Figure 2.
Far-field directional radiation of surface wave by grating coupler. (a) Directional radiation of the extraordinary optical transmission light by the "Bull's eye" grating[19]; (b) Far-field focusing of the surface wave via surface grating[23]; (c) Airy-beam radiation via metal-slit grating[24]
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Figure 3.
Far-field directional radiation of surface wave by metasurface. (a) Directional radiation of microwave spoof surface plasmon mode[30]; (b) Directional radiation of microwave spoof surface plasmon mode based on a transmissive metasurface[32]; (c) Directional radiation of near infrared dielectric waveguide mode [34]
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Figure 4.
Complex far-field wavefront manipulations of surface wave. (a) Holographic grating for Airy beam and vortex beam generation excited by surface plasmon[41]; (b) Resonant phase metasurface for far-field holography of the dielectric waveguide mode[42]; (c) Geometric phase metasurface for complex far-field wavefront control of surface plasmon[18]; (d) Multifunctional far-field holography of lithium niobate waveguide mode by a series of geometric phase metasurfaces[43]
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Figure 5.
Multifunctional far-field manipulation of surface wave. (a) Optical path multiplexing dual-functional far-field radiation by two-dimensional composite grating[51]; (b) Multifunctional far-field holography based on composite phase modulation[57]
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Figure 6.
Far-field vectorial optical field manipulation of surface wave. (a) Far-field focusing of far-fields with controllable polarization state[64]; (b) Arbitrary vectorial vortex beam generation[65]; (c) Far-fields radiation with adjustable polarization [66]; (d) Full-parameter controllable vectorial optical field radiation[67]
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