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Chen Z M, Huang C Q. Laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber and few mode fiber[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2024, 51(11): 240185. doi: 10.12086/oee.2024.240185
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Laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber and few mode fiber
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Abstract
This paper proposes a laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) and few-mode fiber (FMF), and conducted their experimental studies. A 20 cm polarization maintaining fiber was spliced with a 10 cm few-mode fiber and then combined with a 3 dB coupler to form a Sagnac loop, which served as the sensing probe. Light passing through the FMF excites higher-order modes. Due to the diameter mismatch between the FMF and PMF, the higher-order modes are coupled into the stress region of the PMF, exciting the cladding modes and thus improving temperature sensitivity. Experimental results show that after adding the FMF, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor increased from −0.51 nm/℃ to −0.91 nm/℃. This sensor has the advantages of high precision, easy fabrication, and intrinsic safety, making it highly promising for engineering structure safety monitoring applications. -
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References
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Overview
As we all know, temperature has always been an important parameter in physics, and various tools have been used to measure temperature. In recent decades, fiber optic interferometers have been widely used in temperature measurement. Traditional fiber optic interferometers include the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), Michelson interferometer (MI), and fiber optic Sagnac interferometer (FSI). Meanwhile, fiber optic ring lasers have advantages such as high sensitivity, good stability, low insertion loss, and high signal-to-noise ratio, leading to the combination of fiber optic interferometers with fiber optic ring lasers. Among these, the FSI has advantages of low noise, reciprocal dual optical paths, and higher temperature sensitivity compared to MZI and FPI, thus being widely used in temperature measurement.
This paper proposes a laser temperature sensor based on polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) and few-mode fiber (FMF) and conducts experimental research on its sensing characteristics. A 20 cm PMF is spliced with a 10 cm FMF, then combined with a 3 dB coupler to form an FMF-PMF Sagnac ring as a temperature sensor. Light passing through the FMF excites higher-order modes, and due to the diameter mismatch between the FMF and PMF, the higher-order modes and core modes couple into the stress region of the PMF, exciting cladding modes and thereby enhancing temperature sensitivity. In the temperature sensitivity measurement experiment of the FMF-PMF Sagnac ring, the temperature range from 40 ℃ to 46 ℃ with a step size of 1 ℃, maintaining each temperature for about 10 minutes, after which the output spectrum is recorded by a spectrum analyzer. Experimental results show that as the temperature increases, the single peak wavelength shifts to shorter wavelengths (blue shift), caused by the reduction in the birefringence difference between the PMF core mode and cladding mode and the effective refractive index difference between the FMF fundamental mode and higher-order mode, with a temperature sensitivity of −0.91 nm/℃ and a fitting curve fit degree of 0.996. As the temperature decreases, the single peak wavelength shifts to longer wavelengths (red shift), caused by the increase in the birefringence difference between the PMF core mode and cladding mode. At the same time, the effective refractive indexes are different between the FMF fundamental mode and higher-order mode, with a temperature sensitivity of −0.89 nm/℃ and a fitting value of 0.996. The temperature sensitivity of the PMF-Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor is −0.57 nm/℃. Thus, it can be seen that with the addition of FMF, the temperature sensitivity of the FMF-PMF Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor is increased by 1.6 times.
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Chen Z M, Huang C Q. Laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber and few mode fiber[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2024, 51(11): 240185. doi: 10.12086/oee.2024.240185
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Figure 1.
Sagnac ring sensor based on the FMF-PMF. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure; (b) A physical image of the sensor
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Figure 2.
When PMF length is 20 cm, the output spectra for different lengths of FMF. (a) 0 cm; (b) 5 cm; (c) 10 cm; (d) 15 cm
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Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the FMF-PMF based on Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor device
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Figure 4.
The relationship curve between laser output power and pump power
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Figure 5.
Output spectrum of Sagnac fiber optic laser temperature sensor based on the FMF-PMF
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Figure 6.
Laser output spectra intensities recorded at 2 min intervals under 175 mW pump power
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Figure 7.
Center wavelengths and peak intensity of output peaks at different times
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Figure 8.
Output spectra of FMF-PMF based Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensors at different temperatures. (a) Heat up; (b) Cool down
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Figure 9.
Relationship curve between temperature and wavelength of FMF-PMF based Sagnac rings
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Figure 10.
Output spectra of PMF-based Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensors at different temperatures. (a) Heat up; (b) Cool down
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Figure 11.
Relationship curve between temperatures and wavelengths of PMF based Sagnac rings
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