Citation: | Dittrich S, Spellauge M, Barcikowski S, Huber HP, Gökce B. Time resolved studies reveal the origin of the unparalleled high efficiency of one nanosecond laser ablation in liquids. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210053 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210053 |
[1] | Amendola V, Meneghetti M. Laser ablation synthesis in solution and size manipulation of noble metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11, 3805 (2009). doi: 10.1039/b900654k |
[2] | Zhang DS, Gökce B, Barcikowski S. Laser synthesis and processing of colloids: fundamentals and applications. Chem Rev 117, 3990–4103 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00468 |
[3] | Zhang JM, Claverie J, Chaker M, Ma DL. Colloidal metal nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation and their applications. ChemPhysChem 18, 986–1006 (2017). doi: 10.1002/cphc.201601220 |
[4] | Fazio E, Gökce B, De Giacomo A, Meneghetti M, Compagnini G et al. Nanoparticles engineering by pulsed laser ablation in liquids: concepts and applications. Nanomaterials 10, 2317 (2020). doi: 10.3390/nano10112317 |
[5] | Amendola V, Litti L, Meneghetti M. LDI-MS assisted by chemical-free gold nanoparticles: enhanced sensitivity and reduced background in the low-mass region. Anal Chem 85, 11747–11754 (2013). doi: 10.1021/ac401662r |
[6] | Rehbock C, Jakobi J, Gamrad L, Van Der Meer S, Tiedemann D et al. Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 5, 1523–1541 (2014). doi: 10.3762/bjnano.5.165 |
[7] | Hupfeld T, Wegner A, Blanke M, Doñate-Buendía C, Sharov V et al. Plasmonic seasoning: giving color to desktop laser 3d printed polymers by highly dispersed nanoparticles. Adv Opt Mater 8, 2000473 (2020). doi: 10.1002/adom.202000473 |
[8] | Hupfeld T, Salamon S, Landers J, Sommereyns A, Doñate-Buendía C et al. 3D printing of magnetic parts by laser powder bed fusion of iron oxide nanoparticle functionalized polyamide powders. J Mater Chem C 8, 12204–12217 (2020). doi: 10.1039/D0TC02740E |
[9] | Reichenberger S, Marzun G, Muhler M, Barcikowski S. Perspective of surfactant-free colloidal nanoparticles in heterogeneous catalysis. ChemCatChem 11, 4489–4518 (2019). doi: 10.1002/cctc.201900666 |
[10] | Dittrich S, Kohsakowski S, Wittek B, Hengst C, Gökce B et al. Increasing the size-selectivity in laser-based g/h liquid flow synthesis of Pt and PtPd nanoparticles for CO and NO oxidation in industrial automotive exhaust gas treatment benchmarking. Nanomaterials 10, 1582 (2020). doi: 10.3390/nano10081582 |
[11] | Zhang JM, Oko DN, Garbarino S, Imbeault R, Chaker M et al. Preparation of PtAu alloy colloids by laser ablation in solution and their characterization. J Phys Chem C 116, 13413–13420 (2012). doi: 10.1021/jp302485g |
[12] | Jendrzej S, Gökce B, Epple M, Barcikowski S. How size determines the value of gold: economic aspects of wet chemical and laser-based metal colloid synthesis. ChemPhysChem 18, 1012–1019 (2017). doi: 10.1002/cphc.201601139 |
[13] | Waag F, Streubel R, Gökce B, Barcikowski S. Synthesis of gold, platinum, and gold-platinum alloy nanoparticle colloids with high-power megahertz-repetition-rate lasers: the importance of the beam guidance method. Appl Nanosci 11, 1303–1312 (2021). doi: 10.1007/s13204-021-01693-y |
[14] | Kohsakowski S, Seiser F, Wiederrecht JP, Reichenberger S, Vinnay T et al. Effective size separation of laser-generated, surfactant-free nanoparticles by continuous centrifugation. Nanotechnology 31, 095603 (2020). doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab55bd |
[15] | Dittrich S, Streubel R, McDonnell C, Huber HP, Barcikowski S et al. Comparison of the productivity and ablation efficiency of different laser classes for laser ablation of gold in water and air. Appl Phys A 125, 432 (2019). doi: 10.1007/s00339-019-2704-8 |
[16] | Trenque I, Magnano GC, Bárta J, Chaput F, Bolzinger MA et al. Synthesis routes of CeO2 nanoparticles dedicated to organophosphorus degradation: a benchmark. CrystEngComm 22, 1725–1737 (2020). doi: 10.1039/C9CE01898K |
[17] | Dittrich S, Barcikowski S, Gökce B. Plasma and nanoparticle shielding during pulsed laser ablation in liquids cause ablation efficiency decrease. Opto-Electron Adv 4, 200072 (2021). doi: 10.29026/oea.2021.200072 |
[18] | Kennedy PK. A first-order model for computation of laser-induced breakdown thresholds in ocular and aqueous media: part I—theory. IEEE J Quantum Electron 31, 2241–2249 (1995). doi: 10.1109/3.477753 |
[19] | Noack J, Vogel A. Laser-induced plasma formation in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales: calculation of thresholds, absorption coefficients, and energy density. IEEE J Quantum Electron 35, 1156–1167 (1999). doi: 10.1109/3.777215 |
[20] | Doñate-Buendía C, Fernández-Alonso M, Lancis J, Mínguez-Vega G. Overcoming the barrier of nanoparticle production by femtosecond laser ablation in liquids using simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing. Photonics Res 7, 1249–1257 (2019). doi: 10.1364/PRJ.7.001249 |
[21] | Kalus MR, Lanyumba R, Lorenzo-Parodi N, Jochmann MA, Kerpen K et al. Determining the role of redox-active materials during laser-induced water decomposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21, 18636–18651 (2019). doi: 10.1039/C9CP02663K |
[22] | Kalus MR, Reimer V, Barcikowski S, Gökce B. Discrimination of effects leading to gas formation during pulsed laser ablation in liquids. Appl Surf Sci 465, 1096–1102 (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.224 |
[23] | Kalus MR, Bärsch N, Streubel R, Gökce E, Barcikowski S et al. How persistent microbubbles shield nanoparticle productivity in laser synthesis of colloids–quantification of their volume, dwell dynamics, and gas composition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19, 7112–7123 (2017). doi: 10.1039/C6CP07011F |
[24] | Aguilera JA, Aragón C, Peñalba F. Plasma shielding effect in laser ablation of metallic samples and its influence on LIBS analysis. Appl Surf Sci 127–129, 309–314 (1998);https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(97)00648-X. |
[25] | Spellauge M, Winter J, Rapp S, McDonnell C, Sotier F et al. Influence of stress confinement, particle shielding and re-deposition on the ultrashort pulse laser ablation of metals revealed by ultrafast time-resolved experiments. Appl Surf Sci 545, 148930 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.148930 |
[26] | Starinskiy SV, Shukhov YG, Bulgakov AV. Laser-induced damage thresholds of gold, silver and their alloys in air and water. Appl Surf Sci 396, 1765–1774 (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.221 |
[27] | Kalus MR, Barcikowski S, Gökce B. How the physicochemical properties of the bulk material affect the ablation crater profile, mass balance, and bubble dynamics during single-pulse, nanosecond laser ablation in water. Chem Eur J 27, 5978–5991 (2021). doi: 10.1002/chem.202005087 |
[28] | Riabinina D, Chaker M, Margot J. Dependence of gold nanoparticle production on pulse duration by laser ablation in liquid media. Nanotechnology 23, 135603 (2012). doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/13/135603 |
[29] | Sakka T, Masai S, Fukami K, Ogata YH. Spectral profile of atomic emission lines and effects of pulse duration on laser ablation in liquid, Spectrochim. Acta Part B At Spectrosc 64, 981–985 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2009.07.018 |
[30] | Koechner W, Bass M. Solid-State Lasers (Springer, New York, 2003); https://doi.org/10.1007/b97423. |
[31] | Gadelmawla ES, Koura MM, Maksoud TMA, Elewa IM, Soliman HH. Roughness parameters. J Mater Process Technol 123, 133–145 (2002). doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00060-2 |
[32] | Domke M, Rapp S, Schmidt M, Huber HP. Ultrafast pump-probe microscopy with high temporal dynamic range. Opt Express 20, 10330–10338 (2012). doi: 10.1364/OE.20.010330 |
[33] | Kanitz A, Kalus RM, Gurevich EL, Ostendorf A, Barcikowski S et al. Review on experimental and theoretical investigations of the early stage, femtoseconds to microseconds processes during laser ablation in liquid-phase for the synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 28, 103001 (2019). doi: 10.1088/1361-6595/ab3dbe |
[34] | Förster DJ, Faas S, Gröninger S, Bauer F, Michalowski A et al. Shielding effects and re-deposition of material during processing of metals with bursts of ultra-short laser pulses. Appl Surf Sci 440, 926–931 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.297 |
[35] | Shih CY, Shugaev MV, Wu CP, Zhigilei LV. The effect of pulse duration on nanoparticle generation in pulsed laser ablation in liquids: insights from large-scale atomistic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 22, 7077–7099 (2020). doi: 10.1039/D0CP00608D |
[36] | Kanitz A, Förster DJ, Hoppius JS, Weber R, Ostendorf A et al. Pump-probe microscopy of femtosecond laser ablation in air and liquids. Appl Surf Sci 475, 204–210 (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.184 |
[37] | Fabbro R, Max C, Fabre E. Planar laser-driven ablation: effect of inhibited electron thermal conduction. Phys Fluids 28, 1463–1481 (1985). doi: 10.1063/1.864982 |
[38] | Vogel A, Busch S, Parlitz U. Shock wave emission and cavitation bubble generation by picosecond and nanosecond optical breakdown in water. J Acoust Soc Am 100, 148–165 (1996). doi: 10.1121/1.415878 |
[39] | Nath A, Khare A. Effect of focusing conditions on laser-induced shock waves at titanium–water interface. Appl Opt 50, 3275 (2011). doi: 10.1364/AO.50.003275 |
[40] | De Giacomo A, Dell’Aglio M, Santagata A, Gaudiuso R, De Pascale O et al. Cavitation dynamics of laser ablation of bulk and wire-shaped metals in water during nanoparticles production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15, 3083–3092 (2013). doi: 10.1039/C2CP42649H |
[41] | Hu HF, Liu TG, Zhai HC. Comparison of femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum in water and in air by time-resolved optical diagnosis. Opt Express 23, 628–635 (2015). doi: 10.1364/OE.23.000628 |
[42] | Chen X, Xu RQ, Chen JP, Shen ZH, Jian L et al. Shock-wave propagation and cavitation bubble oscillation by Nd: YAG laser ablation of a metal in water. Appl Opt 43, 3251–3257 (2004). doi: 10.1364/ao.43.003251 |
[43] | Martí-López L, Ocaña R, Porro JA, Morales M, Ocaña JL. Optical observation of shock waves and cavitation bubbles in high intensity laser-induced shock processes. Appl Opt 48, 3671–3680 (2009). doi: 10.1364/AO.48.003671 |
[44] | Nguyen TTP, Tanabe R, Ito Y. Laser-induced shock process in under-liquid regime studied by time-resolved photoelasticity imaging technique. Appl Phys Lett 102, 124103 (2013). doi: 10.1063/1.4798532 |
[45] | Long JY, Eliceiri MH, Ouyang YX, Zhang YK, Xie XZ et al. Effects of immersion depth on the dynamics of cavitation bubbles generated during ns laser ablation of submerged targets. Opt Lasers Eng 137, 106334 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106334 |
[46] | Long JY, Eliceiri M, Vangelatos Z, Rho Y, Wang LT et al. Early dynamics of cavitation bubbles generated during ns laser ablation of submerged targets. Opt Express 28, 14300–14309 (2020). doi: 10.1364/OE.391584 |
[47] | Nguyen TTP, Tanabe R, Ito Y. Comparative study of the expansion dynamics of laser-driven plasma and shock wave in in-air and underwater ablation regimes. Opt Laser Technol 100, 21–26 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.021 |
[48] | De Bonis A, Sansone M, D’Alessio L, Galasso A, Santagata A et al. Dynamics of laser-induced bubble and nanoparticles generation during ultra-short laser ablation of Pd in liquid. J Phys D:Appl Phys 46, 445301 (2013). doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/46/44/445301 |
[49] | Johnson PB, Christy RW. Optical constants of the noble metals. Phys Rev B 6, 4370–4379 (1972). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370 |
[50] | Werner WSM, Glantschnig K, Ambrosch-Draxl C. Optical constants and inelastic electron-scattering data for 17 elemental metals. J Phys Chem Ref Data 38, 1013–1092 (2009). doi: 10.1063/1.3243762 |
[51] | Nguyen TTP, Tanabe R, Ito Y. Effects of an absorptive coating on the dynamics of underwater laser-induced shock process. Appl Phys A 116, 1109–1117 (2014). doi: 10.1007/s00339-013-8193-2 |
(a) Pump-probe microscopy setup for the ablation in water. For the analysis of the ablation process in air, no cuvette is used, otherwise the setup is the same. (b) Image post processing of the three recorded images. The images of the pristine surface (R0), during the ablation process (R(Δt)) and after the ablation process has finished (Rinf) were used to calculate the transient (ΔR/R0) and final state (ΔRinf/R0) relative reflectivity change. The red dashed circles mark the transient laser-modified area ΔA and the final laser-modified area ΔAinf.
Maximal ablation efficiency for the ablation of gold in air (light-colored, solid bars) and water (dark-colored bars) for lasers of 3 ps (blue, ~2 J/cm² and 100 µJ/pulse), 1 ns (green, ~8 J/cm² and 130 µJ/pulse), and 7 ns (orange, ~13 J/cm² and 400 µJ) pulse duration with data from ref.10 where the ablation efficiency is calculated with the incident laser energy (dark-colored, solid bar) and under consideration of the linear energy extinction by the water layer (dark-colored, hatched bar). The error bars represent the statistical error.
(a) Exemplary microscopy images at different delay times are displayed . Time-dependent change in (b) the relative reflectivity ΔR/R0 and (c) the transient laser-modified area ΔA of the Au target surface for PPM in air (black open symbols) and water (blue open symbols) after irradiation with 650 ps pulses at 8 J/cm². The final laser-modified areas ΔAinf are depicted at the Δt labeled “inf” and the pump-pulses are indicated by red areas. The blue solid vertical line marks the characteristic Δt where ΔA exceeds its final state value ΔAinf.
Transient laser-modified area ΔA for PPM of Ag (blue open squares) and Pt (blue solid triangles) targets at 8 J/cm2. The final state values of the laser-modified area are depicted at the Δt labeled “inf” and the pump-pulse is indicated by a red area. Blue dashed and solid vertical lines mark the Δt where ΔA exceeds the final state value for Ag and Pt, respectively.