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Nan T, Zhao H, Guo JY et al. Generation of structured light beams with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories using tri-layer metasurfaces. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 230052 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.230052
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Generation of structured light beams with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories using tri-layer metasurfaces
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Abstract
Conventionally, the spatially structured light beams produced by metasurfaces primarily highlight the polarization modulation of the beams propagating along the optical axis or the beams' spatial transmission trajectory. In particular, along the optical axis, the polarization state is either constant or varies continuously in each output plane. Here, we develop innovative spatially structured light beams with continually changing polarization along any arbitrary spatial transmission trajectories. With tri-layer metallic metasurfaces, the geometric characteristics of each layer structure can be adjusted to modulate the phase and polarization state of the incident terahertz (THz) wave. The beam will converge to the predefined trajectory along several paths to generate a Bessel-like beam with longitudinal polarization changes. We demonstrate the versatility of the approach by designing two THz-band structured light beams with varying polarization states along the spatial helical transmission trajectory. Continuous linear polarization changes and linear polarization to right circular polarization (RCP) and back to linear polarization changes are realized respectively. The experimental results are basically consistent with the simulated results. Our proposal for arbitrary trajectory structured light beams with longitudinally varying polarization offers a practical method for continuously regulating the characteristics of spatial structured light beams with non-axial transmission. This technique has potential uses in optical encryption, particle manipulation, and biomedical imaging. -
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References
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Supplementary Information
Supplementary information for Generation of structured light beams with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories using tri-layer metasurfaces 
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Nan T, Zhao H, Guo JY et al. Generation of structured light beams with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories using tri-layer metasurfaces. Opto-Electron Sci 3, 230052 (2024). doi: 10.29026/oes.2024.230052
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram for generation of a structured light beam with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories using tri-layer metasurface.
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Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of design concept for structured light beams. (a) The phase distribution at the input plane. (b) Spatial transmission trajectory of cylindrical helical path. (c) Polarization distributions on the input plane. (d) The polarization states corresponding to different propagation distances z on the Poincaré sphere for linear longitudinal polarization variations. (e) Polarization distributions on the input plane. (f) The polarization states corresponding to different propagation distances z on the Poincaré sphere for nonlinear longitudinal polarization variations.
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Figure 3.
Schematic and characteristics of the designed unit cell. (a) Concept of the designed tri-layer metasurface and the metallic structure of each layer. (b, c) Microscope images of fabricated sample 1 and sample 2, respectively. The scale bar is 200 μm. (d) Amplitude and phase modulation of the 128 selected antennas at 0.75 THz.
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Figure 4.
Schematic of experimental setup. L, lens; PM, parabolic mirror; TP, THz polarizer; TQWP, THz quarter wave plate; BS, beam splitter; HWP, half-wave-plate; P, polarizer, QWP, quarter wave plate; WP, Wollaston prism; CCD: charge-coupled device.
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Figure 5.
Experimental results for a structured light beam with linear longitudinal polarization variations along a helical transmission trajectory. (a, b) Cross-sectional intensity profiles of the electric field at a propagation distance of z=15 mm for the simulation and experiment, respectively. (c) Cross-sectional intensity profiles (red and blue solid lines) extracted from (a) and (b) at the locations of white dashed lines. (d) The electric field component intensity and electric field intensity at different distances. (e, f) Amplitudes and phase difference of electric field components Ex and Ey at different propagation distances. (g) Theoretical, simulated and experimental transmission trajectories.
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Figure 6.
Experimental results of a structured light beam with nonlinear longitudinal polarization variations along a helical transmission trajectory. (a) Intensity distributions for Ex, Ey, and total electric field at different distances. (b) Simulated and experimental amplitudes and (c) phase difference of electric field components Ex and Ey at different propagation distances. (d) Theoretical, simulated and experimental transmission trajectories.
