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Wei XR, Liang YZ, Zhang XH et al. Multi-resonance enhanced photothermal synergistic fiber-optic Tamm plasmon polariton tip for high-sensitivity and rapid hydrogen detection. Opto-Electron Sci 4, 240029 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oes.2025.240029
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Multi-resonance enhanced photothermal synergistic fiber-optic Tamm plasmon polariton tip for high-sensitivity and rapid hydrogen detection
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Abstract
Accurate and real-time detection of hydrogen (H2) is essential for ensuring energy security. Fiber-optic H2 sensors are gaining attention for their integration and remote sensing capabilities. However, they face challenges, including complex fabrication processes and limited response times. Here, we propose a fiber-optic H2 sensing tip based on Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) resonance, consisting of a multilayer metal/dielectric Bragg reflector deposited directly on the fiber end facet, simplifying the fabrication process. The fiber-optic TPP (FOTPP) tip exhibits both TPP and multiple Fabry-Perot (FP) resonances simultaneously, with the TPP employed for highly sensitive H2 detection. Compared to FP resonance, TPP exhibits more than twice the sensitivity under the same structural dimension without cavity geometry deformation. The excellent performance is attributed to alterations in phase-matching conditions, driven by changes in penetration depth of TPP. Furthermore, the FP mode is utilized to achieve an efficient photothermal effect to catalyze the reaction between H2 and the FOTPP structure. Consequently, the response and recovery speeds of the FOTPP tip under resonance-enhanced photothermal assistance are improved by 6.5 and 2.1 times, respectively. Our work offers a novel strategy for developing TPP-integrated fiber-optic tips, refines the theoretical framework of photothermal-assisted detection systems, and provides clear experimental evidence. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Multi-resonance enhanced photothermal synergistic fiber-optic Tamm plasmon polariton tip for high-sensitivity and rapid hydrogen detection 
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Wei XR, Liang YZ, Zhang XH et al. Multi-resonance enhanced photothermal synergistic fiber-optic Tamm plasmon polariton tip for high-sensitivity and rapid hydrogen detection. Opto-Electron Sci 4, 240029 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oes.2025.240029
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Figure 1.
Photothermal synergistic TPP H2 detection system integrated on the fiber tip. (a) Three-dimensional schematic of the fabricated fiber-optic TPP (FOTPP) tip with broadband halogen source (blue beam) and narrowband laser (red beam), along with a photograph of the actual fabricated FOTPP tip. (b) Its cross-section and SEM image for the FOTPP tip, where h1, h2, and h3 denote the thicknesses of Pd, TiO2, and Al2O3 layers, respectively. (c) Schematic of spectral working principle of photothermal synergistic FOTPP H2 sensing tip and the response/recovery characteristics of resonance wavelength under photothermal (red curve) and non-photothermal (black curve) synergistic conditions.
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Figure 2.
Photoelectric characteristics of the FOTPP tip for H2 detection. TMM calculated the reflection spectra of (a) FOTPP and (b) FP tips with different thicknesses of Pd film. The white dashed line marks the main bandgap location of the DBR. (c) Wavelength shifts of the resonance dips of TPP (top panel) and FP (bottom panel) tips after hydrogenation at various thicknesses of Pd film. (d–f) Simulated electric field profiles for three resonance dips supported by the FOTPP tip with a 50 nm thick Pd film, where E0 denotes the incident electric field intensity.
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Figure 3.
Response mechanisms of resonance wavelength in TPP mode. (a) Calculated electric field distribution at the resonance wavelength of TPP supported by the FOTPP tip before (top panel) and after hydrogenation (bottom panel). The dependence of the electric field distribution of TPP (b) before and (c) after hydrogenation on the thickness of the Pd film. The individual electric field curves are shifted upwards for clarity. The circle marks indicate the position range of LBragg (near the minimum of the electric field envelope). (d) The maximum electric field intensity of TPP at the Pd/DBR interface as a function of Pd film thickness. (e) Reflection intensity difference and (f) reflection phase difference between PdHx and Pd films at different thicknesses. (g) Dependency of the total phase contribution of the DBR on the penetration depth of TPP in DBR (LBragg).
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Figure 4.
Experimental measurements of H2 concentration using the fabricated FOTPP tip. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup for H2 detection, highlighting the gas sensing and spectral analysis systems in the green and blue boxes, respectively. (b) Experimentally measured (top panel) and theoretically calculated (bottom panel) reflection spectra of the FOTPP tip without a Pd film and with a 50 nm thick Pd film. (c) Reflection spectra of the FOTPP tip under various H2 concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 3.5%. (d) Wavelength redshifts and (e) real-time response of wavelength shift for the FOTPP tip at both increasing and decreasing H2 concentration pulses, ranging from 0.5% to 3.5% and 3.5% to 0.5%. (f) Real-time wavelength shift response of TPP supported by the FOTPP tip under different working temperatures. (g) The relationship between the amount of wavelength shifts of TPP and working temperatures. (h) The wavelength response of the FOTPP tip in continuously repeated 0.5% H2 concentration. The black dashed line represents the locations of the average wavelength shifts.
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Figure 5.
Theoretical and experimental characterization of photothermal effect in the FOTPP tip with a 50 nm thick Pd film. (a) Simulated absorption spectra of the FOTPP tip before and after hydrogenation. (b) The effect of two 7 mW lasers with different wavelengths on the resonance wavelength of TPP. Calculated absorbed power and temperature distributions at wavelengths of (c, d) 785 nm and (e, f) 980 nm. Experimentally measured thermal images of the FOTPP tip under (g) 785 nm and (h) 980 nm laser illumination. (i–k) Thermal images of the FOTPP tip illuminated with three higher-power 985 nm lasers (9.5 mW, 10.5 mW, and 11.5 mW). The peak temperature of the fiber-optic tip and the ambient temperature are indicated in the thermal images. (l) Simulated and measured peak temperature at the FOTPP tip under different laser powers. For clarity, scenarios illuminated by 7 mW and higher power lasers are differentiated by enclosing them in red and blue boxes, respectively.
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Figure 6.
Quantitatively assessment of the sensing performance of resonance-enhanced photothermal synergistic FOTPP tip with a 50 nm thick Pd film. (a) Schematic of the optical setup used for photothermal assistance. (b) Real-time wavelengths shift of TPP mode supported by the FOTPP tip under 785 nm laser illumination (top panel) and 980 nm laser illumination (bottom panel). (c) Response recovery curve of TPP at a 3.5% H2 concentration under non-photothermal (blue curve), 785 nm-photothermal (red curve), and 980 nm-photothermal (green curve) conditions. Comparison of (d) response time, (e) recovery time, and (f) wavelength redshifts for the FOTPP tip at various H2 concentrations under three different photothermal conditions.
