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Zhang Z C, Hai L, Zhang S R, et al. Advances on the manipulation of structured beams with multiple degrees of freedom[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2024, 51(8): 240079. doi: 10.12086/oee.2024.240079
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Advances on the manipulation of structured beams with multiple degrees of freedom
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Abstract
Structured beams manipulated by single or multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) present novel physical properties, showing important research significance and practical value. Among them, orbital angular momentum (OAM), as a novel DoF, directly decides the phase and spatial distribution of laser beams. The independent manipulation of OAM or the coupled manipulation with spin angular momentum enables the construction of high-dimensional Hilbert space, which has already found broad applications in domains like ultra-large capacity optical communication, remote sensing detection and quantum communication. On this basis, considering the rapidly evolving application requirements, there is still a significant challenge to integrate the novel degrees of freedom with the traditional degrees of freedom, limiting the extension and expansion of high-dimensional and multi-dimensional structured beams. In this paper, from the perspective of two-degree-of-freedom manipulation methods, a series of structured beams coupled by two intrinsic DoFs is reviewed with emphasis on the vectorial vortex beams. Furthermore, we systematically review the manipulation of complex structured beams with multiple degrees of freedom that overcome the limitations of conventional two-degree-of-freedom. Also, the related work of our team is discussed here. -
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References
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Overview
By tailoring single or multiple degrees of freedom, structured beams with novel physical properties have gained numerous interests. With the development of modern optics, the increasing advanced applications require more DoFs of laser field to be coupled and flexibly manipulated. Among the various DoFs, SAM, as an intrinsic DoF, has been applied to modulate vector beams. While OAM, as an emerging DoF, decides the vortex beams with helical phase. The coupling of above two enabling the construction of high-dimensional Hilbert space, forms the vector vortex beams with phase and polarization singularities, which has already found broad applications in domains like ultra-large capacity optical communication, remote sensing detection and quantum communication. Besides the vector vortex beams, most structured beams are manipulated by only one or two coupled DoFs, like ray-wave structured light and spatiotemporal light. The ability to simultaneously tailor more DoFs and generate a family of complex structured beams is crucial in the cutting-edge realm. The non-separable states, optical skyrmions and photonic hopfions can be seen as the typical instance. However, there is still a significant challenge to integrate the novel degrees of freedom with the traditional degrees of freedom, limiting the extension and expansion of high-dimensional and multi-dimensional structured beams. In this paper, from the perspective of extent of the multi-DoFs coupling, we systematically review the manipulation methods and a series of corresponding structured beams. Begin with the SAM-OAM coupled vectorial vortex beams, the principle and representation is briefly presented. Classified by the generation mechanism, the extra-cavity and intra-cavity manipulation methods are also summarized. The extra-cavity generation is mainly achieved by combining orthogonally polarized beams with different OAMs, while the intra-cavity manipulation is achieved by inserting SAM-OAM coupling devices like Q-Plate and metasurface. Further, the "super-degree-of-freedom" complex structured light field, denoting the three and more DoFs combined beams, are introduced here: A bunch of SU(2) beams have the unique properties as ray-wave duality, capable of unveiling more flexibly controlled DoFs; complex vortex arrays, manipulated with the path DoF, can be simply achieved by the diffractive optical elements; spatiotemporal vortex beams has extending the OAM to time domain. Such structured beams have already exploited more than five DoFs. Of course, due to the abundant degrees of freedom of the light field and the various ways of combination, this paper does not cover all the complex structured light fields, but selects the most representative and common structured light fields with great practical value, and it is not difficult to find the possibility of further expansion of the degree of freedom in the further study.
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Zhang Z C, Hai L, Zhang S R, et al. Advances on the manipulation of structured beams with multiple degrees of freedom[J]. Opto-Electron Eng, 2024, 51(8): 240079. doi: 10.12086/oee.2024.240079
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Figure 1.
The extra-cavity manipulation of VVBs. (a) The generation of optical skyrmions by OAM manipulation on opposite SAM states[64]; (b) The generation of perfect VVBs using cascaded LC-SLMs[67]
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Figure 2.
The intra-cavity manipulation of VVBs. (a) The generation of high-order Poincare sphere beams from a laser using Q-plate [75]; (b) The non-linear generation of wave-tunable CVBs in OPO cavity[76]; (c) The scheme of single-frequency CVBs laser[78]; (d) The generation of hybrid Poincare sphere beams using meta-surface[79]
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Figure 3.
The representation and manipulation of SU (2) coherent states. (a) SU (2) Poincare sphere beams[80]; (b) The SU(2) coherent states decided by the frequency degeneracy and the coherent phase[83]; (c) The manipulation principle of 3-DoFs 8-dimensional nonseparable states[85]; (d) The digital modulation of SU(2) coherent states[87]; (e) The intra-cavity manipulation of 3-DoF nonseparable states[90]
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Figure 4.
The complex vortex array coupled by multi-DoFs. (a) The vector vortices array manipulated by 2D grating[99]; (b) The five DoFs manipulation on vector vortices array using phase-only grating[98]; (c) The higher dimensional vector vortices array manipulated by 3-DoFs[100]
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Figure 5.
The novel structured beams manipulated by multi-DoFs in the space-time domain. (a) Spatiotemporal beams with two OAMs[106]; (b) The schematic diagram of scalar spatiotemporal vortices[107]; (c) The experimental scheme and the mode conversion of vector spatiotemporal vortices[109]; (d) Vortex rings of light[110]; (e) “Photonic conchs” [111]; (f) Flying electromagnetic doughnuts manipulated by metasurface[112]; (g) The photonic hopfions with 3D topological structure[113]
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