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Feng XD, Zhang TQ, Liu XJ et al. Single-layer, cascaded and broadband-heat-dissipation metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared camouflage. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240280 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240280
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Single-layer, cascaded and broadband-heat-dissipation metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared camouflage
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Abstract
The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective, necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage. However, the design and fabrication of existing works remain complex as they usually require the integration of multiscale structures. Here, we introduce phase modulation into the infrared camouflage metasurfaces with metal-dielectric-metal configuration, enabling them to achieve camouflage across more bands. Based on this strategy, a simple but effective single-layer cascaded metasurface is demonstrated for the first time to achieve low reflection at multi-wavelength lasers, low infrared radiation in atmospheric windows, and broadband thermal management. As a proof-of-concept, a 4-inch sample with a minimum linewidth of 1.8 μm is fabricated using photolithography. The excellent infrared multispectral camouflage performance is verified in experiments, showing low reflectance in 0.9–1.6 μm, low infrared emissivity in mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) bands, and high absorptance at the wavelength of 10.6 μm. Meanwhile, broadband high emissivity in 5–8 μm can provide high-performance radiative heat dissipation. When the input power is 1.57 W∙cm-2, the surface/radiation temperature of the metasurface decreases by 5.3 °C/18.7 °C compared to the reference. The proposed metasurface may trigger further innovation in the design and application of compact multispectral optical devices. -
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References
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Supplementary information for Single-layer, cascaded and broadband-heatdissipation metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared camouflage 
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Feng XD, Zhang TQ, Liu XJ et al. Single-layer, cascaded and broadband-heat-dissipation metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared camouflage. Opto-Electron Adv 8, 240280 (2025). doi: 10.29026/oea.2025.240280
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Figure 1.
Camouflage principles illustration and schematic of the proposed metasurface. (a) Concept illustration of the camouflage principles in different bands. When the multispectral waves incident on the cascaded metasurface, the light in the NIR band (i.e., 0.8–1.6 μm) will be guided to four non-specular angles; the waves in infrared atmospheric windows (i.e., 3–5 μm and 8–14 μm) will be reflected (corresponding to low emissivity in these bands); the light at 10.6 μm will be absorbed; and the high emissivity in 5–8 μm will lead to a broadband heat dissipation. (b) The atmospheric transmittance spectra in the NIR, MWIR, and LWIR bands, as well as the ideal reflectance spectra for infrared multispectral camouflage. (c) The SEM image of the fabricated metasurface. (d) Thermal infrared image of the metasurface held by the researcher at room temperature.
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Figure 2.
Amplitude and phase modulation characteristics of the metasurface with single-sized metallic disks. (a) Schematic of the unit cell. (b) The permittivity of SiO2 in 3–14 μm, containing the real and imaginary parts of ε' and ε''. Dependence of the absorption spectra in 3–14 μm and reflection spectra in 0.8–1.6 μm on different geometric structures: (c, f) the dielectric layer thickness from 0.1 to 0.3 μm with Λ = 3.3 μm and d = 2.2 μm; (d, g) the diameter of the top Au disks from 1.5 to 2.5 μm with Λ = 3.3 μm and t2 = 0.14 μm; (e, h) the period from 2.8 to 4.4 μm with t2 = 0.14 μm and d = 2.2 μm.
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Figure 3.
Amplitude modulation characteristics of the cascaded metasurface. (a) Top view of the proposed metasurface cascading four metallic disks. (b) Absorptance (emissivity) spectra of the cascaded metasurface in the band of 3–14 μm. λ1 and λ2 indicate the resonant wavelengths in 5–8 μm, λ3 corresponds to the wavelength of 10.6 μm, and λ4 is a non-resonant wavelength. (c) Magnetic field intensity on the z = 0.2 μm plane (cross-section I) at the resonance wavelengths of 5.58 μm and 6.22 μm. (d) Magnetic field intensity and current density on the y = ±1.65 μm planes (cross-sections II and III) at the resonance wavelengths of 5.58 μm and 6.22 μm. (e) Power loss intensity on the z = 0.23 μm plane (cross-section IV) at the resonance wavelengths of 5.58 μm and 6.22 μm.
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Figure 4.
Phase modulation characteristics of the cascaded metasurface in the NIR band. (a) Cross-sectional view of the metasurface in the y = 1.65 μm plane. It also depicts the different transmission paths and their reflection phases, as well as the incident wave and its scattering field. (b) Reflection phases of Ф1 and Ф2, and the relative phase difference between them (ΔФ). (c) The electric field distribution on the x = −1.65 μm plane at 1.06 μm. (d) Specular (zero-order) reflection spectra of the metasurface and a gold plate under normal incidence in 0.8–1.6 μm. (e) The 3D far-field scattering pattern of the metasurface at 1.06 μm. (f) The normalized scattering patterns of the metasurface and a gold plate on φ = 0° (or 90°) plane at 1.06 μm.
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Figure 5.
Fabrication and characterization results of the metasurface. (a, b) show the photograph and SEM images of the prepared metasurface sample, respectively. (c) Measured specular and integral reflectance spectra of the metasurface in 0.8–1.6 μm. (d) The measured emissivity of the metasurface and reference in 3–14 μm. (e) Thermal infrared image of the fabricated sample held by the researcher at room temperature. (f) The radiative temperatures of the metasurface, reference, and glass at different heating temperatures in the LWIR band. The solid lines represent the radiative temperatures calculated based on the average emissivity within this range, the different symbols (including stars, circles, and triangles) represent the radiative temperatures obtained from the infrared camera, and the dashed lines correspond to the radiative temperatures associated with different emissivities. (g) The surface and radiation temperatures at various input powers, and their differences between the metasurface and the reference. (h) Thermal infrared images of the metasurface and reference at different input powers.
